SLS 4: Thin Layer Filters
     Part 2: Crossflow Filters
         1 INTRODUCTION
             1.1 Operating principles
             1.2 Advantages and limitations
                 1.2.1 Advantages of crossflow
                 1.2.2 Disadvantages of crossflow
             1.3 Differences between microfiltration and ultrafiltration
             1.4 Desirable membrane properties
             1.5 Membrane module geometries
             1.6 Membrane types
             1.7 Applications
             1.8 Relation to other manual parts
             1.9 Glossary
         2 STATE OF THE SCIENCE
             2.1 Membrane production method
                 2.1.1 Phase inversion
                 2.1.2 Sintering
                 2.1.3 Track etching
                 2.1.4 Composite membranes
                 2.1.5 Stretching
                 2.1.6 Inorganic membranes
                 2.1.7 Dynamically formed membranes
                 2.1.8 Surface modification
             2.2 Membrane characterisation
                 2.2.1 Membrane permeability
                 2.2.2 Membrane retention
                 2.2.3 Chemical compatibility
                 2.2.4 Fouling tendency
             2.3 Models for flux
                 2.3.1 Mechanisms of particle motion
                 2.3.2 Mass transfer models
                 2.3.3 Models based on mass transfer - heat transfer analogies
                 2.3.4 Physical models
             2.4 Fouling
                 2.4.1 Fouling mechanisms
                 2.4.2 Fouling models
             2.5 Strategies for Flux Improvement
                 2.5.1 Chemical methods
                 2.5.2 Change of filtration conditions
                 2.5.3 Increase in mass transfer coefficient
                 2.5.4 Mixing perpendicular to membrane
                 2.5.5 Pulsed feed flow
                 2.5.6 Removing concentrate from membrane surface
         3 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE MEMBRANES AND SELECTION
             3.1 Introduction
             3.2 How to use this membrane equipment selection guide
             3.3 Chemical compatibility guide
             3.4 Membrane and Membrane Equipment Suppliers
                 3.4.1 Index of Company Names
                 3.4.2 Format of Company Profiles
         4 MEMBRANE SELECTION
             4.1 Algorithm
                 4.1.1 Feed Properties and Process Limitations
                 4.1.2 System
                 4.1.3 Module
                 4.1.4 Membrane
                 4.1.5 Costs
             4.2 Testing
         5 OPERATION
             5.1 Pre-treatment of feed
                 5.1.1 Channel blocking
                 5.1.2 Control of fouling species
                 5.1.3 Biological growth
                 5.1.4 Flux improvement
             5.2 Installation and Start Up
                 5.2.1 Installation
                 5.2.2 Start Up
             5.3 Control of Operating Conditions
                 5.3.1 Pressure
                 5.3.2 Flowrate
                 5.3.3 Temperature
                 5.3.4 Feed and retentate concentration
                 5.3.5 pH
                 5.3.6 Time
                 5.3.7 Backwash regime
                 5.3.8 Other methods of flux improvement
             5.4 Cleaning and shut down
                 5.4.1 Mechanical cleaning
                 5.4.2 Chemical cleaning
                 5.4.3 After cleaning
             5.5 Membrane replacement
             5.6 Operating experiences
         6 NOMENCLATURE
         7 REFERENCES
     Part 3: Dynamic Filters
         1 INTRODUCTION
             1.1 Historical background to dynamic filtration
             1.2 Low shear and high shear crossflow filters
             1.3 Characteristic features of dynamic
             1.4 Applications of dynamic filters
             1.5 Suspension rheology
             1.6 Filter media
         2 EQUIPMENT OPTIONS
             2.1 Disc type filters
                 2.1.1 The rotor
                 2.1.2 Suspension thickening
                 2.1.3 Clarification and ultrafiltration
             2.2 Axial filters
         3 MODELLING OF DYNAMIC FILTERS
             3.1 Fluid dynamic modelling
                 3.1.1 Flow in the annulus between porous and non-porous cylinders
                 3.1.2 Flow in the space between porous and non-porous discs
             3.2 Analogies with cake filtration
                 3.2.1 Effect of the rate factor j R on design factors
                 3.2.2 Other serial resistance models
         4 PROCESS DESIGN AND OPERATION
             4.1 Dynamic filters as staged processes
             4.2 Graphical solution
             4.3 Separation efficiency
             4.4 Power consumption
                 4.4.1 Power consumption by a single chamber in a disc type dynamic filter
                 4.4.2 Power consumption by a multistage disc type filter
         5 APPLICATIONS OF DYNAMIC FILTERS
             5.1 Dewatering of oil emulsions
                 5.1.1 Concentration of used workshop oils (Murkes and Carlsson (1988))
                 5.1.2 Dewatering of bilge water (Murkes and Carlsson (1988))
             5.2 Concentration of suspensions
             5.3 Filtration of rapeseed oil
             5.4 Concentration of dyestuffs and pigments
             5.5 Concentration of biosuspensions
                 5.5.1 Effect of dynamic filtration on biological activity
                 5.5.2 The rotorfermenter
                 5.5.3 Electrically enhanced dynamic filtration
             5.6 Concentration of black liquor
         6 MULTIPLE STAGE WASHING IN DYNAMIC FILTERS
             6.1 The washing equations
             6.2 Design procedure
         7 CONCLUSIONS
         8 NOMENCLATURE
         9 LITERATURE REFERENCES
             9.1 Additional bibliography
     Terms and Conditions of Use

• Part 1 Introduction

• Part 2 Cross flow filtration

• Part 3 Dynamic filters

• Part 4 Delayed cake formation

Volume SLS IV : Part 1 Introduction

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Volume SLS IV : Part 2 Cross flow filtration

This part covers ultrafiltration and microfiltration, and contains the state of the science, a database of equipment, a selection algorithm and notes on operation.

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Volume SLS IV : Part 3 Dynamic filters

This part contains an extensive survey of the literature on dynamic filtration and its applications. It covers the science of dynamic filtration, the fundamentals of process equipment, and practical data obtained from dynamic filters. The links between various models and types of equipment are demonstrated, and the way that models are used for various aspects of the design process are shown.

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Volume SLS IV : Part 4 Delayed cake formation