SLS 11: Instrumentation for Solid-Liquid Separation
     Part 1: Introduction
         1. Scope and contents of SLS Volume 11
             1.1 Contents of the Part
         2. Systems approach to the selection and installation of instruments
             2.1 General Approach
             2.2 Who to Consult
             2.3 When to Make Decisions
             2.4 Considering the Plant as a Whole
             2.5 Why is the Measurement Required?
             2.6 What Should be Measured?
             2.7 Which Instrument Should be Used?
             2.8 Where Should the Sensor be Located?
         3. Types of sensor
             3.1 Classification by Quantity Sampled
             3.2 Classification by Degree of Intrusion and Potential Problems
                 3.2.1 Intrusive Sensors
                 3.2.2 Wall-Mounted Sensors
             3.3 External Sensors
             3.4 Transmission Lines
         4. Inhomogeneity
             4.1 Effects of Slip
                 4.1.1 Flowrate
                 4.1.2 Solids Concentration
                 4.1.3 Particle Size Distribution
             4.2 Effects of Settling
             4.3 Methods of Overcoming Slip and Settling Effects
                 4.3.1 Increasing Slurry Velocity
                 4.3.2 Reducing Particle Size
                 4.3.3 Type of Sensor
                 4.3.4 Location of Measurement
             4.4 Sampling
                 4.4.1 Sampling of Only One Phase
             4.5 Entrained Gas
         5. Deposition and fouling
             5.1 Effects of Deposition
             5.2 Mechanisms of Deposition
                 5.2.1 Capture of Solids by Intrusive Sensors
                 5.2.2 Biological Slimes
             5.3 Solutions to Deposition Problems
                 5.3.1 Minimising Deposition
                 5.3.2 Cleaning the Sensor
         6. Corrosion and abrasion
             6.1 Corrosion
                 6.1.1 Mechanisms
                 6.1.2 Avoidance of Corrosion
             6.2 Abrasion
                 6.2.1 Mechanisms
                 6.2.2 Avoidance of Abrasion
             6.3 Erosion
         7. High viscosity and non-Newtonian suspensions
             7.1 Control of Flow
             7.2 Flow Patterns
             7.3 Filling
             7.4 Other Problems
         8. Nomenclature
         9. References
     Part 2: Liquids and Slurries/Sludges (Pumpable Materials)
         1. Level
             1.1 Introduction
             1.2 Primary Considerations for Instrument Selection
             1.3 Description of Main Slurry Level Sensors
                 1.3.1 Non-invasive techniques
                 1.3.2 Invasive non-contacting techniques
                 1.3.3 Invasive contacting techniques
             1.4 Other Level Measuring Systems
                 1.4.1 Float level sensors
                 1.4.2 Displacer type level sensors
                 1.4.3 Ultrasonic level switches
                 1.4.4 Thermal level switches
                 1.4.5 Optical level switches
             1.5 Operating Range
             1.6 References
         2. Slurry and Liquid Flowrate
             2.1 Introduction
             2.2 Electromagnetic Flowmeters
                 2.2.1 Variation in design
                 2.2.2 Accuracy and repeatability for slurry application
                 2.2.3 Cost
                 2.2.4 Effect of process variations on meter response
             2.3 Differential Pressure Methods
                 2.3.1 Basic principles
                 2.3.2 Venturi meter
                 2.3.3 Orifice meter
                 2.3.4 Nozzle
                 2.3.5 Wedge meter
                 2.3.6 Summary
             2.4 Vortex Shedding
             2.5 Target Meters
             2.6 Tagged Fluid Devices
             2.7 Acoustic Methods
                 2.7.1 Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter
                 2.7.2 Transit-time
             2.8 Positive Displacement Devices
             2.9 Variable Area Meters
             2.10 Turbine Meters
             2.11 Coupled Turbines
             2.12 Coriolis Force Mass Flowmeters
                 2.12.1 Basic principles
                 2.12.2 Additional measurements
                 2.12.3 Accuracy and repeatability for slurry application
                 2.12.4 Cost
                 2.12.5 Specific limitations
             2.13 Open Channel Methods
             2.14 Flow Measurement to or from Tanks
             2.15 Metering Pumps
             2.16 Summary
             2.17 References
         3. Viscosity
             3.1 Introduction
             3.2 Types of On-Line Viscometers
                 3.2.1 Rotational viscometers
                 3.2.2 Tube viscometers
                 3.2.3 Moving cylinder viscometers
                 3.2.4 Drag on blade viscometers
                 3.2.5 Moving blade viscometers
                 3.2.6 Squeeze flow viscometers
                 3.2.7 Vibrational viscometers
                 3.2.8 Ultrasonic
             3.3 Factors Affecting Viscometer Selection
                 3.3.1 Material considerations
                 3.3.2 Process operating range and conditions
                 3.3.3 Viscometer installation
                 3.3.4 Type of control required
                 3.3.5 Viscometer suitability
                 3.3.6 Viscometer operational considerations
             3.4 Suppliers of Commercial On-Line Viscometers
             3.5 References
         4. Slurry Density
             4.1 Introduction
             4.2 Gravimetric Methods
                 4.2.1 U-tube weighed loop
                 4.2.2 Straight tube
                 4.2.3 Fixed volume bulk density sensor
                 4.2.4 Direct density controller
             4.3 Radiation Absorption Methods
             4.4 Oscillating Tube Methods
                 4.4.1 Vibrating u-tube density sensor
                 4.4.2 Vibrating spool density sensor
                 4.4.3 Vibrating tube density sensors
             4.5 Coriolis Force Mass Flowmeters
             4.6 Electrical Conductivity and Capacitance
             4.7 Ultrasonic Density Sensors
             4.8 Optical Density Sensors
             4.9 Hydrostatic Pressure
             4.10 Buoyancy Methods
             4.11 Counterflow or Inverted U-Tube
             4.12 References
         5. Turbidity Measurements
             5.1 Transmission (Adsorptiometry)
             5.2 Scattering (Nephelometry)
             5.3 Surface Measurement
             5.4 Two-Detector, Two-Lamp Method
             5.5 Turbidity Units
             5.6 Fouling of Optical Surfaces
                 5.6.1 Mechanical cleaning
                 5.6.2 Pressure jet cleaning
                 5.6.3 Non stick surfaces
                 5.6.4 Windowless flowcells
             5.7 Some UK-based Suppliers
             5.8 References
         6. Electrochemical Measurements
             6.1 Potentiometric Measurements
                 6.1.1 pH electrodes
                 6.1.2 Ion selective electrodes
                 6.1.3 Redox electrodes
                 6.1.4 Reference electrodes
                 6.1.5 Potential measurement
                 6.1.6 Electrode mounting
                 6.1.7 Potentiometric analysers
             6.2 Conductivity Measurements
         7. Chemical Analysis
             7.1 Introduction
             7.2 Sampling and Sample Presentation
                 7.2.1 Flow cell sample presentation
                 7.2.2 In-stream presentation probes
             7.3 Radiometric Techniques for Elemental Analysis
                 7.3.1 On-line x-ray fluorescence analysis
                 7.3.2 On-line x-ray diffraction analysis
                 7.3.3 Gamma or x-ray absorption
                 7.3.4 Gamma or x-ray scatter
                 7.3.5 On-line neutron activation analysis
             7.4 Optical Spectroscopic Techniques
                 7.4.1 UV and visible absorption spectroscopy
                 7.4.2 Infrared spectroscopy
                 7.4.3 Raman spectroscopy
                 7.4.4 Fluorescence and phosphorescence
             7.5 Electrochemical Sensors
             7.6 Summary
             7.7 References
         8. Particle Size Analysis
             8.1 Coulter Counter
             8.2 Light Scattering or Diffraction
             8.3 Light Scanning of Particles
                 8.3.1 Extinction method
                 8.3.2 Backscatter method
             8.4 Ultrasonic Attenuation or Extinction
             8.5 Photon-Correlation Spectroscopy (Beckman Coulter)
             8.6 References
     Part 3: Wet Cakes (non-Pumpable Materials)
         1. SOLIDS FLOWRATE MEASUREMENTS
             1.1 Vessel weighing
                 1.1.1 Problems with vessel weighing
             1.2 Nuclear belt weighing
             1.3 Load cell belt weighing
                 1.3.1 Measurement of belt speed
                 1.3.2 Gravimetric weighing units
             1.4 Optical measurement of solids volume flowrate on belt conveyor
             1.5 Accelerator type
             1.6 Rotating vane
             1.7 Impact meter
             1.8 Microwave Doppler flowmeter
             1.9 Feeder systems
             1.10 Reference
         2. SOLIDS MOISTURE MEASUREMENTS
             2.1 Introduction
             2.2 Overview of methods
             2.3 Detailed descriptions of moisture measurement methods
                 2.3.1 Infrared diffuse reflectance
                 2.3.2 Neutron moderation
                 2.3.3 Low resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
                 2.3.4 Microwave absorption
                 2.3.5 Capacitance
                 2.3.6 Equilibrium relative humidity
             2.4 Factors affecting sensor selection
                 2.4.1 Operational factors
                 2.4.2 Instrument factors
             2.5 Problems with moisture determination
                 2.5.1 Sampling
                 2.5.2 Air or other gas incorporation
                 2.5.3 Non-uniform moisture distribution (other than phase separation)
                 2.5.4 Abrasion, deposition and fouling
             2.6 Guide to selection of a suitable sensor
                 2.6.1 Problem definition
                 2.6.2 Economic constraints
             2.7 Manufacturers of sensors for moisture measurement in wet bulk solids
             2.8 References
         3. CAKE THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS
             3.1 Introduction
             3.2 Ultrasonic sensor
             3.3 Capacitance probe
             3.4 Radiation absorption
             3.5 Load cells
             3.6 References
         4. BULK SOLIDS LEVEL MEASUREMENT
             4.1 Introduction
             4.2 Plumb line level gauges
             4.3 Capacitance level sensors
                 4.3.1 Capacitance level switches
                 4.3.2 Continuous capacitance level systems
             4.4 Nuclear radiation level sensor
             4.5 Microwave barrier level switch
             4.6 Rotating paddle level switches
             4.7 Tilt level switches
             4.8 Vibrating rod or tuning fork level switches
             4.9 Ultrasonic level sensors
                 4.9.1 Transmission ultrasonic switches
                 4.9.2 Pulse Echo Continuous Ultrasonic Level Sensors
             4.10 RADAR level sensors
             4.11 LASER level systems
             4.12 Guided wave reflectometry systems
             4.13 Resistance tape level sensor
             4.14 Diaphragm level switches
             4.15 Weight and chain level systems

RR l0	Assessment of the filter leaf test for predicting the performance of industrial vacuum filters
RR 13	The forced gas deliquoring of filter cakes formed by pressure filtration
RR 30	Cake washing on vacuum filters
RR 34	Leaf and pilot scale testing of vacuum filters
RR 38	Influence of particle and cake properties on cake washing on vacuum filters.
RR 44	Agglomeration of particles in a magnetic field.
RR 57	Filter cake dewatering by gas blowing
RR 71	Compression dewatering of filter cakes
RR 72	Effects of variables on efficiency of displacement washing of filter cakes
RR 74	Further Studies on the washing of filter cakes.
RR 76	Compression in filter presses
RR 77	Modelling the clarification of dilute suspensions by computational fluid dynamics
RR 96	A Study of filtering centrifuges
RR 97	Evaporation effects in gas blowing
RR 116	Dewatering in filtering centrifuges