SLS 1: Equipment Selection
     PART 1: Introduction
         1 CONTENTS OF SOLID LIQUID SEPARATION MANUAL
             1.1 Introduction
             1.2 Volume I : Equipment Selection
             1.3 Volumes II - VII : Equipment Volumes
             1.4 Volume IIA Cake Filters - Fundamentals and Design
             1.5 Volume IIB Cake Filters - Equipment
             1.6 Volume III : Clarification Filters
             1.7 Volume IV : Thin Layer Filters
             1.8 Volume V : Sedimentation Processes
             1.9 Volume VI : Centrifugation
             1.10 Volume VII : Less Common Separation Processes
             1.11 Volume VIII : Selection of Filter Media
             1.12 Volume IX : Ancillary Processes
             1.13 Volume X : Research Reports
         2 AIMS AND CONTENTS OF VOLUME I
             2.1 Contents of Volume I
             2.2 Scope of Volume I
                 2.2.1 Objectives of Separation Covered in Volume
                 2.2.2 Range of Particle Sizes and Concentration Covered in Volume
                 2.2.3 Multiphase Systems
     PART 2: Selection Procedure
         1 ALGORITHM
             1.1 Algorithm
             1.2 Scoring System
                 1.2.1 Weightings
                 1.2.2 Allocation of Marks
                 1.2.3 Calculation of Cumulative Scores
                 1.2.4 Final Assessment
             1.3 Cost Factors
                 1.3.1 Checklist of Costs
                 1.3.2 Cost Benefits
             1.4 Pilot Scale Trials
         2. CHECKLIST OF SELECTION CRITERIA
             2.1 Primary Objectives of Separation
                 2.1.1 Thickening
                 2.1.2 Cake Formation
                 2.1.3 Washing
                 2.1.4 Clarification
                 2.1.5 Classification
             2.2 Secondary Objectives of Separation
                 2.2.1 Production of Solids in Suitable Physical Form
                 2.2.2 Avoidance of Cake Cracking
                 2.2.3 Avoidance of Particle Breakage
                 2.2.4 Avoidance of Contamination
             2.3 Properties of Feed Slurry
                 2.3.1 Chemical Composition
                 2.3.2 Density of Solid and Liquid
                 2.3.3 Particle Size Distribution
                 2.3.4 Filtration Rate
                 2.3.5 Compressibility
                 2.3.6 Settling Rate
                 2.3.7 Particle Shape
                 2.3.8 Solids Concentration
                 2.3.9 Particle Strength
                 2.3.10 Abrasivity
                 2.3.11 Corrosivity
                 2.3.12 Toxicity
                 2.3.13 Reactive Solids and Flammable Liquids
                 2.3.14 Volatility of Liquid
                 2.3.15 Magnetic Properties
                 2.3.16 Charge on Particles
                 2.3.17 Viscosity of Liquid
                 2.3.18 Temperature
                 2.3.19 Solubility of Solids in Liquid
                 2.3.20 Surface Tension and Contact Angle
                 2.3.21 Conductivity of Liquid
                 2.3.22 Minor Components
                 2.3.23 Variability of Properties
             2.4 Process Limitations
                 2.4.1 Throughput
                 2.4.2 Batch or Continuous Operation
                 2.4.3 Compatibility with Upstream Process
                 2.4.4 Compatibility with Downstream Process
                 2.4.5 Capital Costs
                 2.4.6 Ancillaries Required
                 2.4.7 Space Requirements
                 2.4.8 Ease of Cleaning
                 2.4.9 Operator Skills Required
                 2.4.10 Reliability
                 2.4.11 Operation at Pressure
                 2.4.12 Other Factors
         3 TESTWORK
             3.1 Gravity Sedimentation
             3.2 Centrifugal Sedimentation
             3.3 Hydrocyclones
             3.4 Cake Filtration
                 3.4.1 Vacuum Leaf Tests
                 3.4.2 Pressure Pot Tests
                 3.4.3 Batch Compression Tests
                 3.4.4 Filter Presses
                 3.4.5 Belt Presses
             3.5 Filtering Centrifuges
             3.6 Cross Flow Filters
             3.7 Depth Filters
             3.8 Strainers
             3.9 Flotation
             3.10 Magnetic Filters
         4 PRETREATMENT AND MULTIPLE EQUIPMENT
             4.1 Pretreatment
             4.2 Use of Same Types of Equipment in Parallel
             4.3 Use of Same Type of Equipment in Series
             4.4 Use of Different Types of Equipment in Parallel
             4.5 Use of Different Types of Equipment in Series
             4.6 Recycling of Product Streams
         5 SELECTION
             5.1 How to Use This Chapter
             5.2 Basic Options
                 5.2.1 Sedimentation
                 5.2.2 Depth Filtration
                 5.2.3 Straining
                 5.2.4 Cake Filtration
                 5.2.5 Thin Layer Filtration
                 5.2.6 Adsorption
                 5.2.7 Magnetic Separation
                 5.2.8 Electrical and Sonic Separations
             5.3 Selection Trees and Tables
                 5.3.1 Sedimentation
                 5.3.2 Depth Filtration.
                 5.3.3 Strainers
                 5.3.4 Cake Filters
                 5.3.5 Thin Layer Filters
                 5.3.6 Adsorption Processes
                 5.3.7 Magnetic Separations
                 5.3.8 Electrical and Accoustic Separations
         6 REFERENCES
     PART 3: Equipment Classification
         1 INTRODUCTION
             1.1 Mechanisms of Separation
             1.2 Layout of Chapters
         2 PRETREATMENT METHODS
             2.1 Introduction
             2.2 Viscosity Reduction
                 2.2.1 Heating
                 2.2.2 Dilution
                 2.2.3 Shearing
             2.3 Degassing
                 2.3.1 Dissolved Gas Removal
                 2.3.2 Removal of Bubbles
                 2.3.3 Foam Breakage
             2.4 Size Enlargement
                 2.4.1 Chemical Agglomeration
                 2.4.2 Addition of Flocculants
                 2.4.3 Non-Chemical Methods of Agglomeration
             2.5 Size Reduction
             2.6 Addition of Body Feed
             2.7 Addition of Surfactants
         3 SEDIMENTATION EQUIPMENT
             3.1 Introduction
                 3.1.1 Classification of Sedimentation Equipment
             3.2 Gravity Settlers
                 3.2.1 Thickeners
                 3.2.2 Clarifiers
             3.3 Classifiers
                 3.3.1 Mechanical Classifiers
                 3.3.2 Hydraulic Classifiers
                 3.3.3 Gravity Concentrators
                 3.3.4 Heavy Media Separation
             3.4 Sedimenting Centrifuges
                 3.4.1 Batch Sedimenting Centrifuges
                 3.4.2 Sedimenting Centrifuges with Intermittent or Continuous Discharge
             3.5 Hydrocyclones
                 3.5.1 Cylindrical Conical Hydrocyclones
                 3.5.2 Cylindrical Hydrocyclones
                 3.5.3 Mechanical Hydrocyclones
                 3.5.4 Separations not by Size
             3.6 Dispersed Phase Leaching
         4 DEPTH FILTERS
             4.1 Introduction
             4.2 Granular Media Filters
                 4.2.1 Static Bed Filters
                 4.2.2 Moving Bed Filters
             4.3 Cleanable Fibre Filters
             4.4 Precoat Filters
                 4.4.1 Precoat Filters
             4.5 Depth Filtration with Compacted Fibres
             4.6 Depth Filtration with Rigid Media
         5 STRAINING
             5.1 Cross Flow Screens
                 5.1.1 Stationary Screens
                 5.1.2 Moving Screens
             5.2 Gravity Fed Strainers
             5.3 In Line Strainers
                 5.3.1 Non Cleanable and Off Line Cleanable Strainers
                 5.3.2 Cleanable Strainers
             5.4 Cartridge Filters
         6. CAKE FILTERS
             6.1 Introduction
             6.2 Gravity Filters
             6.3 Vacuum Filters
                 6.3.1 Batch Vacuum Filters
                 6.3.2 Vacuum Drum Filters
                 6.3.3 Vacuum Disc Filters
                 6.3.4 Top Fed Vacuum Filters
             6.4 Pressure Filters
                 6.4.1 Pressure Nutsches
                 6.4.2 Tank Filters
                 6.4.3 Filter Presses
                 6.4.4 Continuous Pressure Filters
             6.5 Compression Filters
                 6.5.1 Batch Compression Filters
                 6.5.2 Batch Expression Equipment
                 6.5.3 Continuous Compression Equipment
             6.6 Filtering Centrifuges
                 6.6.1 Batch Filtering Centrifuges
                 6.6.2 Continuous Filtering Centrifuges
             6.7 Leaching by Percolation
         7 THIN LAYER FILTERS
             7.1 Filter Thickeners
             7.2 Dynamic Filters
             7.3 Cross Flow Filters
         8. ADSORPTION
             8.1 Adsorption to a Solid
                 8.1.1 Adsorption of Particles to a Solid
                 8.1.2 Absorption of Liquid by a Polymer
             8.2 Adsorption to an Immiscible Liquid
             8.3 Flotation
                 8.3.1 Dispersed Air Flotation
                 8.3.2 Dissolved Air Flotation
                 8.3.3 Electroflotation
         9. MAGNETIC SEPARATIONS
             9.1 Magnetic Filters
             9.2 Magnetic Separators
             9.3 High Gradient Magnetic Separation
         10. ELECTRICAL AND SONIC SEPARATIONS
             10.1 Electrophoretic Separators
                 10.1.1 Free Flow Electrophoresis
                 10.1.2 Electro-Osmotic Filters
                 10.1.3 Cross Flow Electrofilters
             10.2 Dielectophorectic Separators
             10.3 Acoustic Separators
         11 REFERENCES
     PART 4: Glossary
         1 GLOSSARY OF TERMS FOR SOLID LIQUID SEPARATION
             1.1 Section A
             1.2 Section B
             1.3 Section C
             1.4 Section D
             1.5 Section E
             1.6 Section F
             1.7 Section G
             1.8 Section H
             1.9 Section I
             1.10 Section J
             1.11 Section K
             1.12 Section L
             1.13 Section M
             1.14 Section N
             1.15 Section O
             1.16 Section P
             1.17 Section Q
             1.18 Section R
             1.19 Section S
             1.20 Section T
             1.21 Section U
             1.22 Section V
             1.23 Section W
             1.24 Section X
             1.25 Section Y
             1.26 Section Z
     PART 6: Equipment for Specific Applications
         1. INTRODUCTION

• Part 1 Introduction

• Part 2 Selection procedure

• Part 3 Classification of equipment

• Part 4 Glossary

• Part 5 Index

• Part 6 Equipment for Specific Applications.

Volume SLS I: Part 1 Introduction

Volume 1 provides an introduction on how to use the Manual and also contains an index and glossary. However it is mainly for the reader who wishes to select a piece of equipment for a particular separation and wants to know which types of equipment would be suitable. The contents of this Volume are given in more detail in Chapter 2 of this Part.

Volumes II - VII are for readers who do know what category of equipment they want but need more details on the options available on the market. Volumes II to VII are also for readers who wish to size equipment or check a venders design. These Volumes also tell the reader how to install, operate and maintain equipment and how to overcome problems with existing equipment.

Volume VIII is about filter media and is for the reader who needs to select or use media. The reader may also be referred to Volume VIII from other Volumes.

Volume IX is about ancillary processes - e.g. flocculation, instruments, discharge and handling of cakes. It is for the reader who wishes to know about these topics and for the reader who has been referred to Volume IX from other Volumes.

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Volume SLS I: Part 2 Selection procedure

Part 2 gives an algorithm for selecting different types of solid-liquid separation equipment. There is a checklist of criteria which should be considered when making a selection and a description of simple testwork for quantifying these requirements. The possibility of pretreatment processes or multiple equipment is covered. There is then a systematic approach using selection tables for working through the equipment options to find which pieces of equipment meet the selection requirements. These tables refer to the database of equipment in Part 3.

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Volume SLS I: Part 3 Classification of equipment

Part 3 consists of a database of all solid-liquid separation equipment arranged on a tree structure. There is a brief description of each piece of equipment with a drawing and a summary table giving the range of application. Fuller descriptions of equipment are given in the appropriate Manual Volume.

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Volume SLS I: Part 4 Glossary

Part 4 is a glossary of terms used in solid-liquid separation and brings together glossaries from previous SPS reports.

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Volume SLS I: Part 5 Index

This is an alphabetical listing of topics covered in all the Solid-Liquid Separation State of the Art and Design Reports, but not the Manual Volumes.

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Volume SLS I: Part 6 Equipment for Specific Applications.

Part 6 is a list of solid-liquid separation equipment commonly used in certain industries, and is to be read in conjunction with Parts 1 to 3. Part 6 is not intended as a replacement for Parts 1 to 3, but rather a source of information to confirm the options that are normally used in practice.