Slurry 8: General
     Part 1: Techniques to Improve Slurry Handling
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. BULK PROPERTY MODIFICATION OF UNPUMPABLE PASTES AND CAKES
             2.1 Size Reduction
                 2.1.1 Cake Lump Breaking
                 2.1.2 Paste Preforming
             2.2 Size Enlargement
                 2.2.1 Granulation/Agglomeration/Pelletisation
                 2.2.2 Briquetting
             2.3 Shear Strength Reduction
                 2.3.1 Moisture Redistribution Through Mechanical Working
                 2.3.2 Moisture Removal
                 2.3.3 Surface Tension Reduction
                 2.3.4 Vibrational Effects
             2.4 Adhesion/Stickiness Reduction
                 2.4.1 Partial or Surface Drying of Agglomerated or Extruded Material
                 2.4.2 Equipment Surface Cooling
                 2.4.3 Partial Recycling of Dried Material from Dryer to Wet Feed
                 2.4.4 Addition of Dry Solids to Improve Handling of Waste Sludge
         3. BULK PROPERTY MODIFICATION OF PUMPABLE PASTES AND SLURRIES
             3.1 Flow Curve Modification: Viscosity Reduction
                 3.1.1 Slurry Concentration Effects
                 3.1.2 Use of Deflocculants
                 3.1.3 Thixotropic Effects Through Shearing
                 3.1.4 Combined Use of Deflocculants and Shearing
                 3.1.5 Adjustments to Particle Morphology
             3.2 Formulation of Stabilised Slurries
                 3.2.1 Creation of a Heavy Medium Through Fine Particle Addition
                 3.2.2 Slurries Stabilised by Fibres
                 3.2.3 Creation of an Oil/Particle Agglomerated Slurry
         4. CONSIDERATIONS FOR STORAGE VESSEL DESIGN FOR PASTES AND CAKES
             4.1 Storage Vessel Design with Integral Discharge Facility
             4.2 Other Methods to Assist Discharge from Storage Vessels
                 4.2.1 Discharge from Hoppers
                 4.2.2 Discharge from Drums and Cans
                 4.2.3 Removal of Sediment from Storage Vessels
         5. CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONVEYOR DESIGN
             5.1 Design of Conveyors for Pastes and Cakes
                 5.1.1 Screw and Ribbon Conveyors
                 5.1.2 Vibratory Conveyors
                 5.1.3 Belt Conveyors
                 5.1.4 Chutes
             5.2 Design of Pipelines for Pastes and Slurries
                 5.2.1 Stabilised Slurries
                 5.2.2 Methods of Reducing Head Loss in Pipeline Flow for "non-Settling" Slurries
                 5.2.3 Methods of Reducing Head Loss for Settling Slurries
                 5.2.4 Concluding Remarks on Head Loss Reduction in Pipeflow
         6. NOTATION
         7. REFERENCES
         8. APPENDIX A - NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF EQUIPMENT AND CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT
     Part 2: The Settling Behaviour of Particles in Fluid
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. TERMINAL VELOCITY IN A NEWTONIAN FLUID
             2.1 Spheres
             2.2 Non-spherical Particles
                 2.2.1 Introduction
                 2.2.2 Volumetric Shape Factor
                 2.2.3 Sphericity
             2.3 Effect of Other Particles
             2.4 Effect of Confinement
         3. THE BEHAVIOUR OF PARTICLES IN NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
             3.1 Introduction
             3.2 Fluids without a Yield Stress
                 3.2.1 Terminal Velocity of Spheres
                 3.2.2 Terminal Velocity of Non-spherical Particles
             3.3 Fluids with a Yield Stress
                 3.3.1 The Limit of Static Equilibrium
                 3.3.2 Terminal Velocity of Spheres
         4. SETTLING IN A SHEARED FLUID
         5. REFERENCES
     Part 3: Effects of particle size and size distribution on slurry and paste properties
         1. INTRODUCTION
             1.1 Typical Slurry Flow Curve
         2. EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE
             2.1 Adsorbed Layer Effect
             2.2 Dimensional Analysis Approach to Quantifying Particle Size Effect
             2.3 An Empirical Method for Quantifying Particle Size Effect
             2.4 Some Experimental Studies using Spherical Particles
             2.5 Some Experimental Studies using Non-Spherical Particles
             2.6 Critical Shear Rate for the Onset of Shear-Thickening Flow Property
             2.7 Summary of Effect of Particle Size on Slurry Rheology
         3. EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
             3.1 Theoretical Approaches
                 3.1.1 Main Theory - Bimodal suspensions
                 3.1.2 Main Theory - Trimodal suspensions
                 3.1.3 Main Theory - Multimodal suspensions
                 3.1.4 Main Theory - Graphical Results of Farris (1968)
                 3.1.5 Main Theory - Suspensions of Continuous Size Distributions
                 3.1.6 Main theory - Effect of adsorbed layer
                 3.1.7 Other theories
             3.2 Experimental Studies
                 3.2.1 Formulation of Slurry to Minimise Viscosity at Constant Solids Concentration
                 3.2.2 Formulation of Slurry to Maximise Solids Concentration at Constant Viscosity
             3.3 Summary of Effect of Particle Size Distribution on Slurry Rheology
         4. YIELD STRESS
         5. PARTICLE SETTLING BEHAVIOUR
             5.1 Free Settling Velocity of Spherical Particles
                 5.1.1 Newtonian Fluids
                 5.1.2 Shear-Thinning Fluids
                 5.1.3 Viscoplastic Fluids
             5.2 Free settling Velocity of Non-spherical Particles
                 5.2.1 Newtonian Fluids
                 5.2.2 Non-Newtonian Fluids
             5.3 Terminal settling velocity under dynamic conditions
         6. NOMENCLATURE
         7. REFERENCES
         8. APPENDIX
             8.1 Procedure for determining whether the slurry is considered settling or non-settling with regard to pipeline design.
                 8.1.1 Procedure 1: Comparison of suspension residence time in the pipe and particle settling rates.
                 8.1.2 Procedure 2: Use of the initial sedimentation rate versus solids concentration plot
                 8.1.3 Procedure 3: Use of Aude et al Chart (1971)

• Part 1 Techniques to Improve the Handling of Slurries, Pastes and Cakes

Volume SH 8: Part 1 Techniques to Improve the Handling of Slurries, Pastes and Cakes

This part categorises the techniques available to assist in the storing and conveying of both unpumpable pastes and cakes, and pumpable pastes and slurries. It describes situations reported in the literature where appropriate methods have eased or eliminated handling problems. The review also discusses modifications to conventional liquid and dry bulk solid handling equipment for improving wet solids handling. Improvements in handling may be brought about either by reversibly or irreversibly altering the bulk properties of the wet solids to be handled or by selecting equipment with design and operating conditions which recognise the difficulties of handling some wet bulk solids.