Slurry 11: Measurement of Bulk Properties
     Part 1: Laboratory Measurement Techniques for Bulk Properties
         SUMMARY
         1. INTRODUCTION
             1.1 Importance of Bulk Properties of Wet Solids
             1.2 Mechanisms Responsible for Bulk Property Characteristics
             1.3 Preview of Report Sections
         2. INDEX TESTS
             2.1 Moisture Content
             2.2 Particle Size Distribution
             2.3 Specific Gravity
             2.4 Liquid and Plastic Limits
             2.5 Concrete Workability Tests
         3. DENSITY TESTS
             3.1 Compaction and Relative Density
             3.2 Consolidation Test
             3.3 Recommendations for Improvements to Existing Tests
         4. ADHESION AND WALL FRICTION ON EQUIPMENT SURFACES
             4.1 Introduction
             4.2 Tensile Strength and Cohesion Measurement
             4.3 Wall Friction Measurement
                 4.3.1 Test Devices and Relevant Variables
                 4.3.2 Surface Roughness Measurement
             4.4 Single Particle and Powder Mass Adhesion Tests
                 4.4.1 Single Particle Adhesion
                 4.4.2 Powder Mass Adhesion Testers
             4.5 Recommendations for Development of Additional Tests
                 4.5.1 Normal Adhesional Force Measurement Using a Modified Tensile Tester
                 4.5.2 Parallel Adhesional Force/Wall Friction Measurement Using a Modified Cohesion Tester
         5. RHEOLOGICAL (STEADY STATE) AND PEAK FAILURE STRENGTH TESTS
             5.1 Viscometric Tests
                 5.1.1 Measurement of Paste Viscosity.
                 5.1.2 Wall-Slip Effects in Viscosity Measurement
                 5.1.3 Measurement of Viscosity of Suspensions Containing Large Particles
                 5.1.4 Measurement of Viscosity of Settling Suspensions
                 5.1.5 Measurement of the Yield Stress of a Suspension or Paste
             5.2 Failure Strength Tests for Unsaturated or "Dry" Powders
                 5.2 Continued - Failure Strength Tests for Unsaturated or "Dry" Powders
             5.3 Summary
         6. WATER AND AIR EQUILIBRIA AND MOVEMENT
             6.1 Suction Forces
             6.2 Water Permeability
             6.3 Permeability
             6.4 Summary
         7. VIBRATION EFFECTS
             7.1 Use of Vibrators with Standard Equipment
             7.2 Tests with Oscillating Stresses
                 7.2.1 Liquefaction Tests
                 7.2.2 Tests to Measure the Effect of Vibrations on the Density of a Damp Solid
                 7.2.3 Flow Under Oscillating Stresses
             7.3 Liquefaction Index Tests
             7.4 Recommendations for the Development of Additional Tests
         8. ABRASION OF EQUIPMENT SURFACES AND PARTICLE DEGRADATION
             8.1 Tests for Abrasion of Equipment Surfaces
             8.2 Particle Attrition Tests
                 8.2.1 Tumbler Tests
                 8.2.2 Impact Tests
                 8.2.3 Fluidised Bed Tests
                 8.2.4 Compression Tests
                 8.2.5 Annular Ring Shear Cell Attrition Tests
                 8.2.6 Attrition Measurements in Slurry Tanks
                 8.2.7 Attrition Tests in Slurry Pipelines
         9. NOTATION
         10. REFERENCES
     Part 2: Slurry Flow Loops
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. THE NEED FOR PILOT-PLANT STUDIES
         3. FLOW LOOP DESIGN
             3.1 General Design Considerations
             3.2 Flow Loop Pumping Circuit
                 3.2.1 Recirculation loop systems
                 3.2.2 Single pass loop systems
             3.3 Plugging Considerations
             3.4 Slurry Valves
             3.5 Temperature Control
         4. SLURRY TESTING PROCEDURES
             4.1 Preparing the Flow Loop
             4.2 Filling the Flow Loop
             4.3 Solids Concentration Determination
             4.4 Flow Rate Determination
             4.5 Pressure Sensing
             4.6 Deposition Velocity Determination
             4.7 Wear Rate Determination
             4.8 Particle Degradation Rate Measurement
             4.9 Pump Performance Tests
         5. LARGE-SCALE FLOW LOOPS IN OPERATION
             5.1 CSIRO, Highett, Melbourne, Australia
             5.2 Flow Process Research Centre, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa
             5.3 Hemispheric Centre for Environmental Technology (HCET, Florida International University)
             5.4 GIW Industries (Grovetown, Georgia, USA)
             5.5 NEL Abrasive Flow Facility (Glasgow, UK)
             5.6 PCCE-Warman Test Facility (Johannesburg, South Africa)
             5.7 Pipe Flow Technology Centre (Saskatchewan Research Council, Saskatoon, Canada)
         6. OTHER EXAMPLES OF SLURRY FLOW LOOPS (now dismantled)
             6.1 National Bureau of Standards (now NIST, USA)
             6.2 Stabflow Test Facility, Isle of Grain, UK
             6.3 The Warren Spring Laboratory Slurry Flow Loop
             6.4 The AEA Technology Slurry Flow Loop
             6.5 Flow Loops for Injecting Air into Slurry
                 6.5.1 Air injection into horizontal pipe (University of Wales, Swansea, UK)
                 6.5.2 Air injection into horizontal pipe (English China Clays, now Imerys, Cornwall, UK)
                 6.5.3 Air injection into vertical pipe (University of Toronto, Canada)
         7. REFERENCES

• Part 1 Laboratory Measurement of Slurry Properties

Volume SH 11: Part 1 Laboratory Measurement of Slurry Properties

This part covers the laboratory measurement of slurries used to determine their handling characteristics in various types of plant including storage and conveying equipment. The continued development of procedures for selecting equipment and designing plant must inevitably be based on measurements of the relevant bulk properties of wet solids, preferably using laboratory, bench-scale test equipment and small but representative samples of the material. Important bulk properties include shear strength, wall friction to equipment surfaces, adhesion and cohesion, water and air permeabilities and bulk density.

In this part, a survey is made of existing test equipment, including both tests from which absolute values of properties may be determined and index tests where a comparative number may be extracted. Comments are made regarding the desirability of new test methods for bulk properties which cannot at present be adequately quantified.