RH 2: Viscosity
RH 2: ViscosityPart 1: Introduction
1. INTRODUCTION
2. VISCOSITY
2.1 Definition of viscosity
2.2 Typical viscosity values
2.3 Internationally accepted standard for viscosity
2.4 Effect of temperature on viscosity
2.5 Effect of pressure on viscosity
2.6 Effect of composition on viscosity
3. TYPES OF FLOW BEHAVIOUR
3.1 Newtonian Behaviour
3.2 Non-Newtonian Behaviour
3.2.1 Shear-thinning and dilatant (shear-thickening) behaviour
3.2.2 Viscoplastic behaviour
4. VISCOSITY AND FLOW CURVE MODELS
4.1 Newtonian model
4.2 Shear-thinning models
4.2.1 Power law model
4.2.2 Sisko model
4.2.3 Cross model
4.2.4 Carreau model
4.2.5 Meter model
4.3 Dilatant models
4.3.1 Power law model
4.3.2 Wagstaff and Chaffey model
4.4 Viscoplastic models
4.4.1 Bingham plastic model
4.4.2 Herschel-Bulkley Model
4.4.3 Casson Model
5. VISCOSITY AND FLOW CURVE MEASUREMENT
5.1 Rotational Viscometers
5.2 Tube Viscometers
5.3 Practical considerations
6. VISCOSITY AND FLOW CURVE DATA GENERATION AND INTEPRETATION
6.1 Viscosity and flow curve data generation
6.1.1 Rotational viscometers
6.1.2 Tube viscometers
6.2 Viscosity and flow curve interpretation
6.2.1 For engineering design
6.2.2 For quality control and product formulation
7. NOMENCLATURE
8. REFERENCES
Part 2: Estimation: Review of viscosity data
Part 3: Estimation: Review of Newtonian viscosity estimation methods
Part 4: Measurement: Newtonian viscosity
Part 5: Measurment: Non-Newtonian viscosity
Part 6: Measurement: Coaxial cylinder viscometry
1. INTRODUCTION
2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
3. CALCULATION OF SHEAR STRESS AND SHEAR RATE
3.1 Shear stress
3.2 Shear rate
3.2.1 Model Flow Curve Method
3.2.2 Explicit Formulae Method
4. ERRORS IN COAXIAL CYLINDER VISCOMETRY
4.1 Calibration and dimensional errors
4.1.1 Torque calibration
4.1.2 Speed calibration
4.1.3 Dimensional errors
4.1.4 Misalignment errors
4.2 Secondary laminar flow effect
4.2.1 Theoretical criterion to identify the primary laminar flow breakdown limit
4.2.2 Experimental Method to determine the secondary flow effect
4.3 Viscous heating effect
4.3.1 Theoretical criterion to identify the viscous heating limit
4.3.2 Experimental method to determine the viscous heating effect
4.4 End effect
4.4.1 Minimisation of end effect
4.4.2 Experimental determination of end effect
4.4.3 Prediction of end effect
4.5 Wall slip effect
4.5.1 Elimination of wall slip
4.5.2 Experimental determination of wall slip velocity
4.6 Particle Migration
5. MATERIAL PROBLEMS
6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
7. COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE COAXIAL CYLINDER VISCOMETERS
8. NOMENCLATURE
9. REFERENCES
10. APPENDIX 1 DESCRIPTION OF COUETTE/HATSCHEK AND SEARLE COAXIAL CYLINDER VISCOMETERS
11. APPENDIX 2 REPRESENTATIVE (AVERAGE) SHEAR RATE
12. APPENDIX 3 CALIBRATION WITH STANDARD FLUIDS
Part 7: Measurement: Disc viscometry
1. INTRODUCTION
2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
2.1 Brookfield
2.1.1 Dial Reading viscometer
2.1.2 Digital viscometer range
2.2 Fungilab
2.3 Thermo Haake
2.4 Rheology International
2.5 Viscometers UK
2.6 Spindle sets
3. CALCULATION OF SHEAR STRESS AND SHEAR RATE
3.1 Model Flow Curve Method
3.1.1 Newtonian fluid
3.1.2 Power law fluid
3.2 Using Explicit Formulae
4. ERRORS IN ROTATING DISC VISCOMETRY
4.1 Calibration and Dimensional Errors
4.1.1 Torque calibration
4.1.2 Speed calibration
4.1.3 Dimensional errors
4.2 Secondary Flow Effect
4.2.1 Theoretical criterion to identify the primary laminar flow breakdown limit
4.2.2 Experimental method to determine the secondary flow effect
4.3 Viscous heating
4.4 Geometric Effects
4.4.1 Calculation of the geometric effect
4.4.2 Experimental determination of the geometric effect
4.5 Wall Slip Effect
5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
6. COMMERCIAL ROTATING DISC VISCOMETERS
7. REFERENCES
8. NOMENCLATURE
9. APPENDIX 1 STANDARD TESTS WITH THE ROTATING DISC VISCOMETER
10. APPENDIX 2 FLOW OF A NEWTONIAN FLUID AROUND A DISC ROTATING IN AN INFINITE SEA
11. APPENDIX 3 CALIBRATION WITH STANDARD FLUIDS
Part 8: Measurement: Cone-and-plate viscometry
1 INTRODUCTION
2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
3 CALCULATION OF SHEAR STRESS AND SHEAR RATE
3.1 For small cone angles
3.1.1 Shear rate
3.1.2 Shear stress
3.2 For any cone angle
3.2.1 Shear rate
3.2.2 Shear stress
3.3 Shear stress and shear rate distribution
4 ERRORS IN CONE-AND-PLATE VISCOMETRY
4.1 Calibration and dimensional errors
4.1.1 Torque calibration
4.1.2 Speed calibration
4.1.3 Dimensional and shape errors
4.2 Misalignment errors
4.2.1 Gap-setting error
4.2.2 Tilt and concentricity errors
4.3 Start-up error
4.4 Secondary flow effect
4.4.1 Theoretical criterion to identify the primary laminar flow breakdown limit
4.4.2 Experimental method to determine the secondary flow effect
4.5 Viscous-heating effect
4.5.1 Theoretical criterion to identify the viscous heating limit
4.5.2 Experimental method to determine the viscous heating effect
4.6 Edge effect
4.7 Wall-slip effect
4.8 Particle Migration
4.9 Sample expulsion
4.10 Sample fracture
5 CALIBRATION WITH STANDARD FLUIDS
6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE CONE-AND-PLATE VISCOMETERS
7 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE CONE-AND-PLATE VISCOMETERS
8 NOMENCLATURE
9 REFERENCES
Part 9: Measurment: Parallel plate viscometry
Part 10: Measurement: Tube viscometry
1. INTRODUCTION
2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
2.1 Glass Capillary (U-tube) Viscometers
2.2 Capillary Viscometers
2.3 Pipe Viscometers
3. CALCULATION OF SHEAR STRESS AND SHEAR RATE
3.1 Wall Shear Stress
3.2 Wall Shear Rate
3.2.1 Model Flow Curve Method
3.2.2 Explicit Formulae Method
4. ERRORS IN TUBE VISCOMETRY
4.1 Dimensional and Calibration Errors
4.2 Turbulent Flow Effect
4.3 Viscous Heating Effect
4.4 End Effect
4.4.1 Minimisation of end effect
4.4.2 Prediction of end effect
4.4.3 Experimental determination of end effect
4.5 Wall Slip Effect
5. MATERIAL PROBLEMS
6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
7. COMMERCIALLY-AVAILABLE TUBE VISCOMETERS
8. HOME-MADE TUBE VISCOMETERS
9. NOMENCLATURE
10. REFERENCES
Part 11: Measurement: Slit and other flow geometries
Part 12: Comparison of viscometers
Part 13: Shear rate estimation for viscosity/flow curve measurment
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TYPICAL SHEAR RATES OF FLOW PROCESSES
2.1 Food industry
2.2 Cosmetic and toiletries industry
2.3 Paint and pigment industry
2.4 Polymer and plastics industry
2.5 Oilwell drilling industry
3. SHEAR RATE ESTIMATION IN PROCESSING APPLICATIONS
3.1 Sedimentation
3.2 Pipeflow
3.3 Sagging
3.4 Brushing
3.5 Spreading
3.6 Mixing
3.6.1 Proximity agitators
3.6.2 Non-proximity agitators
3.6.3 Metzner-Otto method
3.7 Pumping
3.7.1 Progressive Cavity pumps
3.8 Atomisation
3.9 Screen Printing
3.10 Roll Coaters
3.11 Roll Mills
3.12 Any processing application
4. SHEAR STRESS ESTIMATION IN PROCESSING APPLICATIONS
4.1 Sagging
4.2 Draining
4.3 Levelling
5. SHEAR STRESS AND SHEAR RATE IN SENSORY ASSESSMENT OF VISCOSITY
5.1 Non-oral assessment methods
5.1.1 Foods
5.1.2 Pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and toiletries
5.2 Oral assessment methods
5.2.1 Foods
6. NOMENCLATURE
7. REFERENCES