MM 3: Comminution Mini Manual
     1. INTRODUCTION
         1.1 Scope of Report
         1.2 Definitions
     2. STATE OF THE SCIENCE
         2.1 Physics of Breakage
             2.1.1 The solid state
             2.1.2 Material response to loading
             2.1.3 Modes of failure
         2.2 Useful Material Physical Properties
             2.2.1 Hardness
             2.2.2 Fracture Toughness (Kc)
             2.2.3 Brittleness
         2.3 Breakage Mechanisms
             2.3.1 Brittle fracture
             2.3.2 Semi-brittle failure
             2.3.3 Ductile fracture
         2.4 Lower Particle Size Limit for Comminution
         2.5 Abrasion and Erosion
             2.5.1 The role of particle hardness
             2.5.2 The role of particle shape
             2.5.3 The role of particle size
         2.6 Mechanisms of Abrasion and Erosion
             2.6.1 Abrasive wear by plastic deformation
             2.6.2 Abrasive wear by brittle fracture
             2.6.3 Erosive wear by plastic deformation
             2.6.4 Erosive wear by brittle fracture
         2.7 Influence of the Environment
             2.7.1 Introduction
             2.7.2 Increase in particle fluidity/flowability
             2.7.3 Control of viscosity in wet grinding
         2.8 Mechanical Activation during Grinding
         2.9 Mathematical Models
             2.9.1 Introduction
             2.9.2 Models predicting energy requirements
             2.9.3 Population balance modelling
                 2.9.3.1 Specific rate of breakage
                 2.9.3.2 Breakage distribution function
                 2.9.3.3 Size-mass balance equation for batch grinding
     3. STATE OF THE TECHNOLOGY
         3.1 Comminution Equipment
             3.1.1 Crushers
                 3.1.1.1 Jaw crushers
                 3.1.1.2 Gyratory crushers
                 3.1.1.3 Comparison between Jaw and Gyratory crushers
                 3.1.1.4 Roll crushers
                 3.1.1.5 Impact crushers
                 3.1.1.6 Electrohydraulic Crushers
             3.1.2 Vertical shaft mills
                 3.1.2.1 Cone mills
                 3.1.2.2 Roller mills
                 3.1.2.3 Ring-roll mills
             3.1.3 High compression roll mills
             3.1.4 Impact mills (Mechanical impact mills)
                 3.1.4.1 Impact mills with peripheral grinding tracks
                 3.1.4.2 Impact mills without peripheral grinding tracks
                 3.1.4.3 Universal mills
             3.1.5 Tumbling mills
                 3.1.5.1 Rod Mills
                 3.1.5.2 Ball mills
                 3.1.5.3 Autogenous mills
             3.1.6 Vibration mills
             3.1.7 Fluid energy mills
                 3.1.7.1 The Pancake or spiral jet mill
                 3.1.7.2 The loop or oval jet mill
                 3.1.7.3 Opposed jet mill
                 3.1.7.4 Fluidised bed opposed jet mill
                 3.1.7.5 Target jet mills
             3.1.8 Attrition mills
                 3.1.8.1 Stirred Ball Mills
                 3.1.8.2 Tower mills
                 3.1.8.3 Planetary mills
         3.2 Applications and Selection Criteria
             3.2.1 Applications
                 3.2.1.1 Chemical Industry
                 3.2.1.2 Dyestuffs/Paint Industry
                 3.2.1.3 Pharmaceutical Industry
                 3.2.1.4 Cosmetics Industry
                 3.2.1.5 High-tech Ceramics Industry
                 3.2.1.6 Mineral and Ore Industry
                 3.2.1.7 Spice Industry
                 3.2.1.8 Foodstuffs Industry
                 3.2.1.9 Recycling Industry
                 3.2.1.10 Magnetic materials
                 3.2.1.11 Mechanical activation and mechanofusion
             3.2.2 Selection criteria
                 3.2.2.1 Feed and Product criteria
                 3.2.2.2 Equipment criteria
         3.3 Attrition in Handling Equipment
             3.3.1 Storage systems
             3.3.2 Chutes
             3.3.3 Mechanical conveying
                 3.3.3.1 Bucket elevators
                 3.3.3.2 Screw conveyors
                 3.3.3.3 Pneumatic conveying
             3.3.4 Fluidised beds
             3.3.5 Cyclones
         3.4 Auxiliary Equipment
             3.4.1 Screens
             3.4.2 Classifiers
                 3.4.2.1 Wet classifiers
                 3.4.2.2 Dry classifiers
             3.4.3 Filters
             3.4.4 Valves
                 3.4.4.1 Slide valves
                 3.4.4.2 Rotary valves
                 3.4.4.3 Iris diaphragm valves
             3.4.5 Feeders
             3.4.6 Containers
         3.5 Instrumentation and Control Devices
             3.5.1 Instrumentation
         3.6 Hazards and Safety Equipment
             3.6.1 Explosion risk
                 3.6.1.1 Dust assessment
                 3.6.1.2 Possible ignition sources
                 3.6.1.3 Preventative safety measures
                 3.6.1.4 Constructional preventative measures
                 3.6.1.5 Explosion suppression systems
                 3.6.1.6 Explosion stop
             3.6.2 General operating hazards
         3.7 Closed Circuit Operation
         3.8 Economics
     4. DESIGN AND SELECTION PROCEDURES
         4.1 Laboratory Tests for Comminution Equipment
             4.1.1 Grindability tests
         4.2 Scale-up
         4.3 Performance Evaluation
             4.3.1 Performance parameters
                 4.3.1.1 Grinding efficiency
                 4.3.1.2 Particle size and size distribution
                 4.3.1.3 Extent of fines production
                 4.3.1.4 Abrasive nature of the material
                 4.3.1.5 Product structure
                 4.3.1.6 Costs
         4.4 Summary of Crushing Equipment
         4.5 Summary of Milling Equipment
     5. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS
     6. REFERENCES
     7. APPENDIX A MANUFACTURER'S DATABASE
     Terms and Conditions of Use

Part 1   Introduction
Part 2   State of the science
Part 3   State of the technology
Part 4   Design and selection procedures
Part 5   Research and development requirements
Part 6   Appendices
Part 7   Figures

Comminution (MM 3) is the intentional reduction in size of particulate material, and is inevitably achieved through the application of mechanical energy. It is a vital unit operation in the process industries - the need for particle size reduction is generic to practically all processes involving particulate solids. Other synonyms include milling and grinding.

The volume has 7 sections:

Section 1 - Introduction

Section 2 - State of the science - Gives an appreciation of the science involved in comminution

Section 3 - State of the technology - Lists and describe the many varieties of mill available

Section 4 - Design and selection procedures - Helps the reader identify which types of mill are suitable candidates for a given process and provides information on the various factors that influence mill selection

Section 5 - Research and development requirements - Identifies areas where future research and development are needed.

Section 6 - References

Section 7 - Appendices - Brief list of the main mill manufacturers and the types of mill supplied.