MM 1: Gas and Particle Properties
     Part 1: Introduction
         1. INTRODUCTION
             1.1 Aims and Scope
             1.2 Summary of Contents
             1.3 Other Related SPS Documents
         2. OVERVIEW OF MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES
             2.1 Flowsheet and macroscopic measurements
             2.2 Microscopic properties
     Part 2: Gas Flow
         1 INTRODUCTION
         2 SELECTION GUIDE
         3 PITOT TUBES
             3.1 Introduction
             3.2 Pitot-Static Tubes
             3.3 S-Type Pitot-Static Tubes
             3.4 Pitot Venturi Probes
             3.5 Multi-port Pitot-static
             3.6 Traversing Methods
                 3.6.1 Circular Ducts
                 3.6.2 Rectangular Ducts
             3.7 Fluctuating Flows
             3.8 Flow Estimation from a Single Point Measurement
             3.9 Multi-Pitot Static Tube Arrays
         4 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE METERS
             4.1 Introduction
             4.2 Orifice Plates
             4.3 Nozzles
             4.4 Venturis
             4.5 Drag Plate (Target) Meters
             4.6 Pressure Lead Lines
             4.7 Inlet Ducts
             4.8 Fan Characteristics
         5 ANEMOMETERS
             5.1 Introduction
             5.2 Vane Anemometers
             5.3 Velometers
             5.4 Thermal (Hot-Wire) Anemometers
         6 OTHER FLOWMETERS
             6.1 Vortex meters
             6.2 Ultrasonic Flowmeters
             6.3 Rotameters and variable area flowmeters
             6.4 Turbine flowmeters
         7 COMBUSTION EFFECTS
             7.1 Introduction
             7.2 Measurement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Concentrations
         8 TRACER TECHNIQUES
         9 FLOW IN DUCTS AND ITS MODIFICATION
             9.1 Introduction
             9.2 Velocity Profiles in Ducts
             9.3 Flow Straighteners
             9.4 Other Duct Modifications
         10 INTERCONVERSION AND CORRECTION OF FLOWRATES
             10.1 Conversion between mass and volume-based flows
             10.2 Dry and wet basis flowrates
             10.3 Correction of flowrates to different conditions
             10.4 Mass flow equivalents of standardized volume flowrates
         11 NOMENCLATURE
         12 REFERENCES
     Part 3: Temperature
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. SELECTION GUIDE
         3. TEMPERATURE SENSORS
             3.1 Introduction
             3.2 Thermocouples
             3.3 Resistance Thermometers
             3.4 Thermistor
             3.5 Field Mounted Electronics and Display
             3.6 Expansion Thermometers
                 3.6.1 Introduction
                 3.6.2 Solid expansion thermometers
                 3.6.3 Liquid expansion thermometers
                 3.6.4 Vapour expansion thermometers
                 3.6.5 Gas expansion thermometers
                 3.6.6 Change of state thermometers
             3.7 Thermowells
             3.8 Radiation Thermometers
                 3.8.1 Introduction
                 3.8.2 Total radiation
                 3.8.3 Non-contact infrared pyrometers
                 3.8.4 Infrared thermocouple
                 3.8.5 Photo-electric radiation
                 3.8.6 Radiation thermometer instruments
                 3.8.7 Thermal imaging cameras
         4. GAS TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
             4.1 Still Air
             4.2 Gas Flowing Ducts
         5. ESTIMATION OF MEAN GAS TEMPERATURE IN A DUCT
         6. TRANSIENT GAS TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
             6.1 Introduction
             6.2 Sensor Speed of Response
                 6.2.1 Introduction
                 6.2.2 Measurement of sensor speed of response
                 6.2.3 Example calculations
                 6.2.4 Modifying considerations
                 6.2.5 Methods of improving sensing element response
         7. SURFACE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
             7.1 Introduction
             7.2 Sensors Mounted on the Surface
             7.3 Sensors Mounted Under the Surface
         8. AIRBORNE PARTICLE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
         9. NOMENCLATURE
         10. REFERENCES
         11. APPENDIX: EMISSIVITY TABLES
     Part 4: Humidity and Dewpoint
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. SELECTION GUIDE
         3. DEFINITIONS AND CALCULATION PROCEDURES
             3.1 Introduction
             3.2 Definitions
             3.3 Scientific fundamentals
                 3.3.1 Pressure and temperature effects on parameters
                 3.3.2 Systems other than air-water
             3.4 Main humidity parameters and their calculation
                 3.4.1 Mixing ratios, mass and mole fractions
                 3.4.2 Vapour pressure p and relative humidity y
                 3.4.3 Saturation vapour pressure ps
                 3.4.4 Volumetric humidity dv and density of humid gas rg
                 3.4.5 Wet bulb and adiabatic saturation conditions
                 3.4.6 Enhancement factor
             3.5 Some common humidity calculations
             3.6 Psychrometric charts
                 3.6.1 Sample psychrometric charts
             3.7 Sources of error
         4. CALIBRATION OF SENSORS
             4.1 Introduction
             4.2 Saturated salt solution calibration methods
             4.3 Standard hygrometer calibration methods
             4.4 Humidity generators
         5. SAMPLING SYSTEMS
         6. MECHANICAL HYGROMETERS
         7. WET AND DRY BULB PSYCHROMETERS
             7.1 Introduction
             7.2 Whirling psychrometer
             7.3 Assmann psychrometer
             7.4 Thermocouple / Resistance / Thermistor psychrometers
             7.5 Wet bulb wicks
             7.6 Review of Sources of Errors
         8. GRAVIMETRIC HYGROMETERS
         9. ELECTRICAL HYGROMETERS
             9.1 Introduction
             9.2 Resistance hygrometers
             9.3 Capacitance hygrometers
             9.4 Impedance hygrometers
             9.5 Electronic oxygen hygrometer
             9.6 Dielectric hygrometer
         10. DEWPOINT METERS
             10.1 Introduction
             10.2 Visual dewpoint hygrometers
             10.3 Optical dewpoint hygrometers
             10.4 Sources of error
         11. ELECTROLYTIC HYGROMETERS
         12. INFRARED GAS ANALYSERS
             12.1 Laser spectrometers
         13. OTHER HYGROMETRIC METHODS
             13.1 Mass spectrometers
             13.2 Piezoelectric hygrometers
             13.3 Fluidic oscillator hygrometer
         14. ACID DEWPOINT DETERMINATION
             14.1 Introduction
             14.2 Acid dewpoint meter
         15. NOMENCLATURE
         16. REFERENCES
     Part 5: Gas Pressure
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. SELECTION GUIDE
             2.1 General Principles
             2.2 Deep Vacuum
             2.3 Low Pressure
             2.4 Medium Pressure
             2.5 High Pressure
             2.6 Frequency Response
             2.7 Temperature Effects
             2.8 Other Factors
         3. PRESSURE SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS
             3.1 Manometers
                 3.1.1 U-tube manometer
                 3.1.2 Well manometer
                 3.1.3 Inclined tube manometer
                 3.1.4 Absolute pressure manometers
                 3.1.5 Micromanometers
             3.2 Mechanical Sensors
                 3.2.1 Bourdon tube
                 3.2.2 Diaphragms/Capsules
                 3.2.3 Bellows
             3.3 Pressure Transducers
                 3.3.1 Strain gauges
                 3.3.2 Piezoresistive
                 3.3.3 Piezoelectric
                 3.3.4 Capacitance
                 3.3.5 Reluctive/Inductive
                 3.3.6 Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT)
                 3.3.7 Resonant wire
         4. PRESSURE TRANSMITTERS
         5. CALIBRATION OF SENSORS
         6. MEASUREMENTS IN FLOWING GASES
             6.1 Location and Installation of Instruments
             6.2 Swirling Flows
         7. MEASUREMENT OF TRANSIENT PRESSURES
         8. NOMENCLATURE
         9. REFERENCES
         10. APPENDIX: BUYERS' GUIDE FOR PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
     Part 6: Solids Moisture Content
         1. INTRODUCTION
             1.1 Aims of the Report
             1.2 Why Measure Moisture?
             1.3 Strategy for Moisture Measurement
             1.4 How to Use this Report
             1.5 Explanation of Terms and Moisture States in a Particulate Solid
         2. AN OVERVIEW OF MOISTURE MEASUREMENT
             2.1 Introduction
             2.2 Overview of On-Line Methods for Wet Bulk Solids
             2.3 Overview of On-Line Methods for Slurries and Pumpable Pastes
             2.4 Liquids Other than Water
             2.5 Overview of Methods for Off-Line Laboratory Measurement of Moisture in Wet Bulk Solids
         3. ON-LINE MOISTURE MEASUREMENT METHODS FOR BULK SOLIDS
             3.1 Direct Moisture Measurement of Bulk Solids
                 3.1.1 Infrared Diffuse Reflectance
                 3.1.2 Neutron Moderation
                 3.1.3 Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
             3.2 Inferential Determination of Moisture Content in Bulk Solids
                 3.2.1 Microwave Absorption
                 3.2.2 Capacitance
                 3.2.3 Equilibrium Relative Humidity
         4. LABORATORY METHODS FOR MOISTURE MEASUREMENT OF BULK SOLIDS
             4.1 Introduction
             4.2 Oven tests (Gravimetric methods)
             4.3 Karl Fischer analysis
             4.4 Laboratory moisture balances and infra-red balance
             4.5 Other methods
                 4.5.1 Azeotropic distillation
                 4.5.2 Headspace chromatography
                 4.5.3 Equilibrium relative humidity
                 4.5.4 Miscellaneous methods
             4.6 Measurement of Moisture Bonding Patterns
                 4.6.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
                 4.6.2 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)
                 4.6.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
                 4.6.4 High-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
                 4.6.5 Variations with Relative Humidity
         5. ON-LINE MOISTURE MEASUREMENT METHODS FOR SLURRIES
             5.1 Inferential Techniques using Density measurement of Slurries in Pipeflow
                 5.1.1 Gravimetric methods
                 5.1.2 Radiometric absorption
                 5.1.3 Vibration Type
                 5.1.4 Coriolis force mass flow/density meters
                 5.1.5 Counter-Flowmeter or "U-loop" for Settling Slurries
             5.2 Inferential Techniques using other Physical Property Measurements for Slurries in Pipeflow
                 5.2.1 Electrical conductivity and capacitance
                 5.2.2 Optical methods
                 5.2.3 Ultrasonic techniques
                 5.2.4 Viscometric methods
                 5.2.5 Volumetric flowmeters
             5.3 On-line Density Measurement Techniques for Storage Tanks
                 5.3.1 Static pressure methods
                 5.3.2 Buoyancy methods
                 5.3.3 Radiometric reflection
         6. GUIDE TO SELECTION OF A SUITABLE SENSOR
             6.1 Introduction
             6.2 Problem Definition
             6.3 Non-pumpable Wet Bulk Solids
                 6.3.1 Economic Constraints
             6.4 Pumpable slurry or paste in a pipe
             6.5 Slurry or paste in agitated storage vessel
             6.6 Example of sensor selection
                 6.6.1 The Problem
                 6.6.2 Alternatives
                 6.6.3 Conclusion
         7. FACTORS AFFECTING SENSOR SELECTION
             7.1 Operational Factors
                 7.1.1 Why Measure Moisture On-Line?
                 7.1.2 Open / Closed System
                 7.1.3 Flowing / stationary
                 7.1.4 Sampling / bulk measurement
                 7.1.5 Product contact
             7.2 Instrument Factors
                 7.2.1 Cost
                 7.2.2 Response time
                 7.2.3 Accuracy and reliability
                 7.2.4 Ease and frequency of calibration
                 7.2.5 Penetration depth required
                 7.2.6 Robustness
         8. PROBLEMS WITH MOISTURE DETERMINATION
             8.1 Sampling
             8.2 Air or other gas incorporation
                 8.2.1 Methods to remove gas before measurement
             8.3 Phase separation
                 8.3.1 At equipment boundaries
                 8.3.2 Resulting from gravity or other body forces
             8.4 Non-uniform moisture distribution (other than phase separation)
             8.5 Abrasion, deposition and fouling
         9. NOMENCLATURE
         10. REFERENCES
         11. APPENDIX A : MANUFACTURERS OF SENSORS FOR MOISTURE MEASUREMENT IN WET BULK SOLIDS
         12. APPENDIX B : INTERRELATION BETWEEN SLURRY DENSITY AND CONCENTRATION BY VOLUME AND MASS
         13. APPENDIX C : MANUFACTURERS OF ON-LINE DENSITY METERS FOR SLURRIES AND PASTES
     Part 7: Particle Concentration in Gas Streams
     Part 8: Particle Size
         1 INTRODUCTION
             1.1 Scope of Report
             1.2 Nature of Particle "Size"
         2 PARTICLE STATISTICS
             2.1 Size Distributions
             2.2 Measures of Central Tendency
             2.3 Representation of a Size Distribution by a Function
                 2.3.1 The normal (Gaussian) distribution
                 2.3.2 The log-normal distribution
                 2.3.3 Rosin-Rammler distribution
                 2.3.4 Other size distributions
             2.4 Correction of Size Distributions for Undetected Particles
             2.5 Transformation of Particle Size Distributions
             2.6 Grade Efficiency Curves
             2.7 Statistical Accuracy
         3 SAMPLING
             3.1 General Principles
             3.2 Aerosols
                 3.2.1 Sampling from `static' environments
                 3.2.2 Sampling from flowing environments
                 3.2.3 Sample line losses
                 3.2.4 Sampling of dusty gas streams
             3.3 Sampling of Powders
                 3.3.1 General remarks
                 3.3.2 Dry powder sampling
                 3.3.3 Liquid-borne powders
                 3.3.4 Slurry sampling
                 3.3.5 Sample dividing
         4 PARTICLE SIZE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
             4.1 General Principles
             4.2 Aerosols (Dusty Gas Streams)
                 4.2.1 Summary of techniques
                 4.2.2 Inertial techniques
                 4.2.3 Optical techniques
                 4.2.4 Electrical mobility techniques
                 4.2.5 Microscopy
                 4.2.6 Special techniques
             4.3 Powders
                 4.3.1 Summary of techniques
                 4.3.2 Sedimentation techniques
                 4.3.3 Centrifugation methods
                 4.3.4 Inertial (aerodynamic) methods
                 4.3.5 Electrical Sensing Zone (ESZ) analysers
                 4.3.6 Optical methods
                 4.3.7 Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS)
                 4.3.8 Hydrodynamic chromatography and field flow fractionation
                 4.3.9 Sieve analysis
                 4.3.10 Microscopy
                 4.3.11 Special techniques
         5 ON-LINE PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS
         6 MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE DENSITY
         7 CALIBRATION METHODOLOGY
         8 USER SELECTION GUIDE
             8.1 Particle Size Selection Guide - Selection Procedure
         9 List of Manufacturers and UK Agents
         10 REFERENCES
         11 NOMENCLATURE
     Terms and Conditions

Part 1   Introduction
Part 2   Gas flow
Part 3   Temperature
Part 4   Humidity and dewpoint
Part 5   Gas pressure
Part 6   Moisture content
Part 8   Particle size

Contents of Manual

General Solids Processing Volume MM 1 aims to present detailed practical advice on equipment, instrumentation and techniques for measurement of important properties of gases and solids. Each part begins with a selection guide to enable the engineer to identify the best instrument and technique for a particular measurement problem. It is appreciated that he may not possess the recommended device but may wish to use an instrument that he has at his disposal, therefore each of the detailed sections describing the individual devices discusses their possible shortcomings in non-ideal applications. As significant developments can occur quite rapidly in instrumentation, Parts 2-5 were completely revised in 2003-4. A Part 7, on particle concentration in gas streams, was originally proposed but this material has been included in Gas Cleaning Manual GC 10, on Applied Technology.

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Volume I Part 1 Introduction.

This is a brief introduction explaining the aims of the Mini-Manual and how to make best use of it.

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Volume I Part 2 Gas flow.

Covering:- Pitot tubes, differential pressure meters, anemometers, vortex meters, combustion systems, tracer techniques together with flow in ducts and its modification.

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Volume I Part 3 Temperature.

Covering:- temperature sensors, gas temperature measurement, estimation of mean gas temperature in a duct, transient temperature measurement, surface temperature measurement, estimation of heat losses from surfaces and airborne particle temperature measurement.

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Volume I Part 4 Humidity and dewpoint.

Covering - definitions and calculation procedures, mechanical hygrometers, wet and dry bulb psychrometers, gravimetric hygrometers, electrical hygrometers, dewpoint meters, electrolytic hygrometers, infrared gas analysers, piezoelectric hygrometers, acid dewpoint determination, calibration of sensors, and sampling systems.

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Volume I Part 5 Gas pressure.

Covering - definitions and selection (deep, low, medium and high pressures, frequency response, temperature effects), manometers, mechanical sensors, pressure transducers, pressure transmitters, calibration of sensors, measurements in flowing gases and measurements of transient pressures.

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Volume I Part 6 Moisture content.

Covering - definitions, overview of methods for solids and slurries, selection guide, direct and inferential techniques (including infra-red, microwave, capacitance, ERH, gravimetric methods, flowmeters and density measurement), laboratory test methods, problems and troubleshooting.

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Volume I Part 8 Particle size.

This report describes in detail all aspects of particle size determination. Sections deal with particle statistics, sampling from dusts and powders, size analyser selection and analyser usage. Particle size analysers are described with reference to their measuring technique, usability, advantages, disadvantages and application. Equipment calibration and particle density measurement are also covered. An equipment manufacturer/supplier list is also given.