SE 9: Recommended Procedures
     Part 1: Solvent Extraction Process Development
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. CONTEXT
         3. PROCESS DEVELOPMENT PATH
             3.1 'Fast Track' Process Development Procedure
             3.2 'Systematic' Process Development Procedure
     Part 2: Phase Equilibrium Including Multiphase Equilibrium
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. CONTEXT
         3. STRUCTURE
         4. PRELIMINARY CHECKS
         5. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS
         6. EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE
         7. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
     Part 3: Interfacial Tension
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. CONTEXT
         3. CHOICE OF TECHNIQUE
         4. STRUCTURE
         5. PRELIMINARY CHECKS
         6. APPARATUS AND MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE USING THE DROP VOLUME METHOD
             6.1 Introduction
             6.2 Apparatus
             6.3 Procedure
             6.4 Calculation
             6.5 Temperature and Interfacial Tension
         7. NOMENCLATURE
         8. REFERENCES
     Part 4: Drop Size Measurement
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. CONTEXT
         3. STRUCTURE
         4. CHOICE OF TECHNIQUE
         5. DIRECT OPTICAL METHOD
             5.1 Introduction
             5.2 Equipment
                 5.2.1 Optical Cell
                 5.2.2 Illumination
                 5.2.3 Photographic Equipment and Film
                 5.2.4 Video and Digital Equipment
             5.3 Taking the photographs
             5.4 Developing and printing
         6. ANALYSIS OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS
             6.1 Equipment
             6.2 Procedure
             6.3 Data Analysis
         7. CONCLUSION
         8. REFERENCES
     Part 5: Preliminary Extractor Selection
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. CONTEXT
         3. STRUCTURE
         4. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE MAIN CONTACTOR TYPES
         5. SELECTION PROCEDURE
             5.1 Basic Selection Criteria
             5.2 Residence Time and Rate of Extraction
             5.3 Volumetric Throughput
             5.4 Flow ratio
             5.5 Physical Properties
             5.6 Phase Dispersed
     Part 6 : Measurement of mixer batch kinetics
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. CONTEXT
         3. STRUCTURE
         4. PRELIMINARY CHECKS
         5. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS
             LLE_9_6-2t.gif
             Figure 1 Experimental apparatus – schematic
         6. EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE
         7. TREATMENT OF RESULTS
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             LLE_9_6-9t.gif
             Figure 2 Presentation of batch conversion times for agitated vessels
         8. NOMENCLATURE
         LLE_9_6-1.png
     Part 7: Coalesecence Break Time and Predicting Settler Depth
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. SUMMARY OF PROCEDURE
         3. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS: BATCH SETTLING VESSEL
         4. PRELIMINARY CHECKS
         5. SYSTEM
         6. CREATING THE DISPERSION
         7. EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS
         8. CALCULATIONS
         9. SELECTION OF CONTINUOUS SETTLER OPERATING CONDITIONS
         10. SETTLER STAGES
         11. NOMENCLATURE
     Part 8: Scaling Batch Mixer-settler
     Part 9 : Measurement of solute diffusivity in liquid-liquid systems
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. CONTEXT
             LLE_9_9-2t.gif
             Figure 1 Two-Film Theory of Liquid-Liquid Mass Transfer for a Rising Drop – Schematic
         3. STRUCTURE
         4. PRELIMINARY CHECKS
         5. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS
             LLE_9_9-3t.gif
             Figure 2 Recommended Experimental Apparatus
         6. EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE
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         7. NOMENCLATURE
         8. REFERENCES
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     Part 10: Mass Transfer Coefficient
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. CONTEXT
         3. STRUCTURE
         4. SUMMARY OF PROCEDURE
         5. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS
         6. PRELIMINARY CHECKS
         7. SYSTEM
         8. EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS
         9. CALCULATIONS
         10. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
             10.1 Introduction
             10.2 Present Practice
             10.3 Dispersed Phase Film Mass Transfer Coefficients
             10.4 Continuous Phase Film Coefficients
             10.5 The Problem of Contamination
             10.6 The Effects of Agitation and Drop Swarms
             10.7 Drop Formation Coefficients
         11. NOMENCLATURE
         12. REFERENCES
     Part 11: Extractor Troubleshooting
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. CONTEXT
         3. PROCEDURE
             3.1 Column Troubleshooting
             3.2 Mixer Settler Troubleshooting
             3.3 Batch Vessel Mix and Settle
             3.4 Stagewise Centrifugal Contactor
     Part 12: Interface Detection and Control in Extractors
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. SELECTION PROCEDURE
         3. DESCRIPTION OF INTERFACE CONTROL SYSTEMS AND IMPLEMENTATION
             3.1 Passive Control
                 3.1.1 Open Weir Control
                 3.1.2 Pressurised Weir Control
                 3.1.3 Remote Settler
             3.2 Active Control
                 3.2.1 Electrical impedance or capacitance systems
                 3.2.2 Ultrasonic Systems
         4. CONCLUSION
     Part 13 : Use of the AKUVE apparatus for equilibrium and kinetic measurement
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. EQUIPMENT
             LLE_9_13-2t.gif
             LLE_9_13-3t.gif
             Figure 1 Schematic of Typical AKUFVE Installation for Equilibrium Measurement
             Figure 2 Schematic of AKUFVE Installation for Kinetic Measurement
         3. SUMMARY OF PROCEDURE
         4. COLLECTION OF EQUILIBRIUM DATA
         5. COLLECTION OF KINETIC DATA
         6. REFERENCE
         LLE_9_13-1.png
     Part 14: Selection of Phase Separation Equipment
         1. INTRODUCTION
             1.1 Liquid-liquid Separation
             1.2 Effects of Poor Separation
         2. THE NATURE OF LIQUID-LIQUID DISPERSIONS
             2.1 Primary Dispersions
             2.2 Secondary Dispersions
             2.3 Emulsion-like Dispersions
         3. SELECTING EQUIPMENT FOR PHASE SEPARATION
             3.1 Primary Dispersions
             3.2 Emulsion-Like Dispersions
             3.3 Secondary Dispersions
         4. TECHNOLOGIES
             4.1 External Settler
             4.2 Simple 'Open' Gravity Settler
             4.3 Open Serpentine Settler
             4.4 Multi-Plate/Multi-Tray Settler/Coalescer
             4.5 Thermal Emulsion-Breaking
             4.6 Centrifugal Devices: Hydrocyclones
             4.7 Centrifugal Devices: Decanters
             4.8 Corrugated Matrix Coalescer, Inertial Impingement and Wetted Surfaces
             4.9 Electrostatically-Enhanced Coalescence
             4.10 Chemical Emulsion-Breaking
         5. REFERENCES
     Part 15: Selecting and evaluating membranes and membrane modules for non-dispersive extraction
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. PRELIMINARIES
         3. SELECTING THE BASIC MEMBRANE TYPE
         4. SETTING THE BASIC LAYOUT
         5. SETTING PRESSURES AND VELOCITIES
         6. MASS TRANSFER PREDICTIONS
         7. NOMENCLATURE
     Part 16: Rating and sizing sieve tray columns for solvent extraction
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. DEFINITIONS
         3. NECESSARY DATA
         4. PROCEDURE
             4.1 Calculation of Column Diameter: Inactive Hole Limit
             4.2 Calculation of Column Diameter: Downcomer Velocity Limit
             4.3 Calculation of Column Diameter: Coalescence Limit
             4.4 Calculation of Number of Trays
         5. REFERENCES
         6. NOMENCLATURE
     Part 17: Engineering for drop formation in mixers and columns
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. DEFINITION
         3. LIMITING AND TARGET DROP SIZE
         4. ACHIEVING TARGET DROP SIZE IN A MIXER-SETTLER
         5. ACHIEVING TARGET DROP SIZE WITH AN IN-LINE STATIC MIXER
         6. ACHIEVING TARGET DROP SIZE IN A COLUMN EXTRACTOR
             6.1 A Special Case - Pulsed Sieve Plate and Karr Columns
             6.2 Small Agitated and Non-Agitated Columns with 'Clean' Process Liquids
             6.3 Large or 'Dirty' Columns
         7. REFERENCES
         8. NOMENCLATURE
     Part 18: Selecting solvents for solvent extraction
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. DEFINITIONS
         3. BASIC SOLUTE TYPE
         4. SELECTION PROCEDURE FOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN EQUILIBRIUM (NON-REACTIVE) EXTRACTION
             4.1 Using Aspen PropertiesTM in Selection
             4.2 Using Selection Rules
             4.3 Comparison with Feed Solvent and Competing Solutes
             4.4 Further Prioritisation by Recovery Strategy
             4.5 Practical and Engineering Issues
         5. APPENDIX: BACKGROUND PRINCIPLES OF SOLVENT SELECTION FOR EQUILIBRIUM EXTRACTION
         6. REFERENCES
         7. NOMENCLATURE

The SPS SE Recommended Procedures are prescriptive guides to key techniques needed in the development and analysis of extraction processes. During 1998, four new recommended procedures were written and existing ones renumbered to form a coherent suite of procedures presented in a logical order. Because this new series of RPs is in a process of active development, not all parts of the logical sequence are available at the present time.

RP 1	Solvent extraction process development.
RP 2	Phase equilibrium, including multiphase equilibrium.
RP 3	Measurement of interfacial tension.
RP 4	Drop size measurement in extractors.
RP 5	The preliminary selection of solvent extraction contactors.
RP 6	Measuring mixer batch kinetics (in preparation).
RP 7	Batch coalescence measurements and the prediction of continuous flow settler depth.
RP 8	Scaling batch mixer-settlers (in preparation).
RP 9	The measurement of molecular diffusivity (in preparation).
RP 10	Measurement of the mass transfer coefficient and the mass transfer contamination factor.
RP 11	Extractor Troubleshooting.
RP 12	Interface detection and control in extractors.
RP 13	Equilibrium and kinetic measurements using the AKUFVE apparatus.