GC 4: Electrostatic Precipitators
     Part 1: Introduction
         1 INTRODUCTION
             1.1 Historical Background
             1.2 Electrical Systems
             1.3 Mechanical Design
             1.4 Dust Properties
         2 REFERENCES
     Part 2: State of the Art
         1 INTRODUCTION
         2 TUBE VERSUS PLATE PRECIPITATORS
         3 GAS DISTRIBUTION IN THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
         4 DISLODGE OF DUST FROM THE RECEIVING ELECTRODES
         5 RAPPING REQUIREMENTS
             5.1 Frequency of rapping
             5.2 Rapping intensity
             5.3 Conclusions on rapping requirements
         6 ASPECT RATIO
         7 DESIGN GAS VELOCITY
         8 SPECIFIC COLLECTION AREA
             8.1 Historical background of SCA controversy
                 8.1.1 Acceptability of wide spacing
             8.2 Contact time
             8.3 Conclusions on plate spacing
         9 ELECTRICAL FEATURES
             9.1 Effect of varying discharge electrode voltage
             9.2 Series electric field
         10 EFFECT OF GAS AND DUST PROPERTIES
             10.1 Dust - general
             10.2 Electrical resistivity of dust and fume
             10.3 Dust agglomerate strength
             10.4 Dust particle sizing measurement
             10.5 Conclusions - dust particle sizing and resistivity
             10.6 Properties of gases
             10.7 Discharge electrode voltage
         11 HIGH VOLTAGE RECTIFIER DESIGNS AND ASSOCIATED CONTROL CIRCUITS
             11.1 Power supply polarity
             11.2 Solid state rectifiers (high voltage)
             11.3 Variable AC supply to HT step-up transformers
             11.4 Operating with flashover (sparking)
             11.5 Automatic voltage control
             11.6 Pulse energisation
             11.7 Pulse interruption
             11.8 Micro-processor base total energy management systems (TEMS)
             11.9 Bus section controllers
             11.10 Local supervisor unit
             11.11 Remote supervisor unit
             11.12 Air conditioning power systems
         12 INDUSTRIAL PRECIPITATOR CONSTRUCTION (MECHANICAL)
             12.1 Background
             12.2 Commercial designs of electrode systems - dry dust collection
                 12.2.1 Collecting electrodes
                 12.2.2 Discharge electrode (corona electrode)
                 12.2.3 Alternatives to the weighted wire
             12.3 Complete precipitator designs
                 12.3.1 Gas distribution
                 12.3.2 Rapping the electrode system
                 12.3.3 Insulators
                 12.3.4 Penthouse
                 12.3.5 General remarks
             12.4 Wet precipitators
                 12.4.1 Removal of liquid droplets (tar, oil, sulphuric acid etc) - no liquid added
                 12.4.2 Removal of solid particles using wetted electrodes
         13 NOMENCLATURE, REFERENCES AND APPENDIX
             13.1 NOMENCLATURE
             13.2 REFERENCES
             13.3 APPENDIX 1: DUST AND FUME RESISTIVITY AND ITS MEASUREMENT
     Part 3: State of the Science
         1 INTRODUCTION
         2 MOTIONS OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
         3 CORONA DISCHARGE
         4 PARTICLE CHARGING MECHANISM
         5 PREDICTION OF THE CHARGING FIELD
         6 EQUATIONS FOR PREDICTING PRECIPITATION PERFORMANCE
             6.1 Theoretical simulation of ESPs (EPRI Manual Volume 1 (1987))
         7 NOMENCLATURE AND REFERENCES
             7.1 NOMENCLATURE
             7.2 REFERENCES
     Part 4: Design, Specification and Selection
         1 DRAWING UP A SPECIFICATION FOR AN ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
             1.1 Technical specification
                 1.1.1 Dry dust collection
                 1.1.2 Recovery of dry dusts in wet precipitators
                 1.1.3 Wet precipitators - precipitators for removing liquid droplets
             1.2 Detailed design specification
                 1.2.1 Specifying the size of precipitator and other important design features
                 1.2.2 Site space available
                 1.2.3 Number of electric fields in series
                 1.2.4 Gas velocity in an electric field (electrode system)
                 1.2.5 Gas distribution in precipitator
                 1.2.6 Flue velocities
                 1.2.7 TR sets and total energy management systems
                 1.2.8 Opacity meters
                 1.2.9 Rapping of plates and electrodes
                 1.2.10 Ancillary equipment included in the specification
             1.3 Wet type precipitators
                 1.3.1 Removing liquid droplets
                 1.3.2 Use of wetted electrode system to remove solids
         2 COMMISSIONING, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
             2.1 Commissioning plant when new
                 2.1.1 Gas distribution
                 2.1.2 Pre-commissioning checks for dry precipitators
             2.2 Commissioning the precipitator
                 2.2.1 Precipitators removing dust in the dry state (gas not combustible)
                 2.2.2 Precipitators removing dust and fume in dry state - gas combustible
                 2.2.3 Wet precipitators
             2.3 Maintenance
                 2.3.1 Dry precipitators
                 2.3.2 Wet precipitators
         3 TROUBLE-SHOOTING PRECIPITATOR OPERATING PROBLEMS AND FAULTS
             3.1 Change in process conditions - dry operation
             3.2 Cement manufacture
             3.3 Precipitator problems
                 3.3.1 Identification of the problem
                 3.3.2 Internal inspection
             3.4 Transformer rectifier sets
             3.5 Automatic voltage controllers and total energy management systems
         4 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
             4.1 Introduction
                 4.1.1 Temperature
                 4.1.2 Particle size
                 4.1.3 Inlet dust concentration
                 4.1.4 Efficiency of gas cleaning/outlet dust concentrations
                 4.1.5 Electrical energy consumed
                 4.1.6 Number of electric fields in series
                 4.1.7 Hazardous materials - combustible gases and solids
                 4.1.8 Operation
                 4.1.9 Life and reliability
                 4.1.10 Applications
                 4.1.11 Disposal of material caught
             4.2 Power plant
                 4.2.1 Introduction
                 4.2.2 Dust resistivity
                 4.2.3 `Hot side' precipitators
                 4.2.4 `Cold side' precipitators
                 4.2.5 Flue gas temperature
                 4.2.6 Effect of moisture
                 4.2.7 Sulphur in coal
                 4.2.8 Chemical compositions of fly ash
                 4.2.9 Controlling precipitator performance by artificial conditioning
                 4.2.10 Precipitators in conjunction with acid rain control equipment (SO x and NO x )
                 4.2.11 Wet scrubber flue gas desulphurisation system (FGD)
                 4.2.12 Fuel oil fired boilers - petroleum coke
                 4.2.13 Future of cleaning requirements - fluid bed boilers
                 4.2.14 Heavy metals in fly ash
             4.3 Cement manufacturing industry
                 4.3.1 Cement-making processes
                 4.3.2 Kiln gas precipitators
                 4.3.3 Precipitation of the alkali materials
                 4.3.4 Clinker cooler precipitator
                 4.3.5 Cement grinding mills
                 4.3.6 Electrical circuit developments
                 4.3.7 Pulse interruption
             4.4 Iron and steel production
                 4.4.1 Stages of process
                 4.4.2 Blast furnace cast house
                 4.4.3 Steel making - oxygen blown converter
                 4.4.4 Arc furnace
             4.5 Incineration of municipal waste
                 4.5.1 Introduction
                 4.5.2 Control of particulate material from incinerators
                 4.5.3 Removal of gaseous contaminants
                 4.5.4 Sewage sludge
             4.6 Other common applications
                 4.6.1 Non-ferrous metals
                 4.6.2 Paper pulp industry
             4.7 Electrostatic air cleaners
                 4.7.1 General operating information
                 4.7.2 Efficiency of dust removal
         5 NOMENCLATURE, GLOSSARY AND APPENDICES
             5.1 NOMENCLATURE
             5.2 GLOSSARY
             5.3 REFERENCES
             5.4 Appendices
                 5.4.1 APPENDIX 1: PRECIPITATOR FAN POWER COSTS - WORKED EXAMPLE
                 5.4.2 APPENDIX 2: STACK OPACITY METERS
                 5.4.3 APPENDIX 3: MEASUREMENT OF RAPPING INTENSITY
                 5.4.4 APPENDIX 4: USE OF MODELS FOR GAS FLOW CORRECTION
                 5.4.5 APPENDIX 5: GAS CONDITIONING - POWER PLANT BOILERS
                 5.4.6 APPENDIX 6: CONDITIONING AGENTS AND EFFECT OF HOT SIDE APPLICATION OF PRECIPITATORS
                 5.4.7 APPENDIX 7: MEASUREMENT OF CONCENTRATION OF DUST IN GASES
     Terms and Conditions

Part 1 Introduction
Part 2 State of the technology
Part 3 State of the science
Part 4 Industrial application & design

Volume GC IV  Part 1 Introduction.

This gives a brief history of ESP development and reviews the basic operating principles of precipitators.

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Volume GC IV  Part 2 State of the technology.

This covers both the mechanical and electrical design of ESP's, including rapping systems, electrode design, insulator and roof design. The efficiency and power consumption is also discussed.

This part also includes procedures for start up and shut down, rapping and maintenance of both the mechanical and electrical systems. Guidance is given on the identification and cure of problems caused by either the process and/or the precipitator. The use of ESP's in a wide variety of industries is described including: power generation, cement, iron and steel, sulphuric acid and detergents.

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Volume GC IV  Part 3 State of the science.

The current state of the science has been reviewed. This includes the basic theory, particle charging mechanisms, practical methods for sizing and a discussion of the factors which influence the effective migration velocity.

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Volume GC IV  Part 4 Design, specification and selection of ESP's.

Included in this part are sections on the information needed for design, qualification of the supplier and safety matters. In addition it focuses on typical applications, trouble-shooting and operation and maintenance.