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BS 7: On-line Instrumentation for Solids

BS 7: On-line Instrumentation for Solids
     Part 1: On-line Measurement of Moisture
         SUMMARY
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. PROBLEMS WITH PROCESS MATERIALS
             2.1 Abrasion, Deposition and Scaling
             2.2 Non-uniform Solids Distribution
             2.3 Entrained Gases and Voids
             2.4 Variations in the Rheology and Chemical Composition
             2.5 Sampling Systems
         3. METHODS OF MOISTURE DETERMINATION
             3.1 Moisture-Specific Sensors
                 3.1.1 Infra-Red Diffuse Reflectance
                 3.1.2 Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
                 3.1.3 Neutron Moderation
                 3.1.4 Equilibrium Relative Humidity
             3.2 Inferential Moisture Sensors
                 3.2.1 Microwave Attenuation
                 3.2.2 Capacitance Measurement
                 3.2.3 Mechanical and Rheological Properties
                 3.2.4 Density
                 3.2.5 Other Methods of Moisture Determination
             3.3 Calibration
         4. MEASUREMENT OF MOISTURE CONTENT IN OPEN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
             4.1 Measurement in Open Channel Flow
             4.2 Measurement of Solids Moisture Content in a Belt, Screw or Vibrating Conveyor
             4.3 Selection Table
         5. MEASUREMENT OF MOISTURE IN CLOSED VESSELS
             5.1 Driers, Kilns and Reactors
             5.2 Chutes and Other Closed Conveyors
             5.3 Selection Table
         6. MEASUREMENT OF SLURRY MOISTURE IN STORAGE TANKS
             6.1 Determination with Slowly-Settling Slurries
             6.2 Determination with Rapidly-Settling Slurries
             6.3 Selection Table
         7. CONCLUSIONS
         8. REFERENCES
         9. APPENDIX A SUPPLIERS, BY TECHNIQUE
     Part 2: Selection of Moisture Measurement Method
         1. INTRODUCTION
             1.1 Objective and Scope of Report
             1.2 Explanation of Terms and Moisture States in a Particulate Solid
             1.3 An Overview of On-Line Moisture Measurement
                 1.3.1 Introduction
                 1.3.2 Overview of Methods for Wet Bulk Solids
                 1.3.3 Overview of Methods for Slurries and Pumpable Pastes
                 1.3.4 Liquids Other than Water
         2. GUIDE TO SELECTION OF A SUITABLE SENSOR
             2.1 Introduction
             2.2 Problem Definition
             2.3 Non-pumpable Wet Bulk Solids
                 2.3.1 Economic Constraints
             2.4 Pumpable slurry or paste in a pipe
             2.5 Slurry or paste in agitated storage vessel
             2.6 Example of sensor selection
                 2.6.1 The Problem
                 2.6.2 Alternatives
                 2.6.3 Conclusion
         3. MOISTURE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
             3.1 Direct Moisture Measurement of Bulk Solids
                 3.1.1 Infrared Diffuse Reflectance
                 3.1.2 Neutron Moderation
                 3.1.3 Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
             3.2 Inferential Determination of Moisture Content in Bulk Solids
                 3.2.1 Microwave Absorption
                 3.2.2 Capacitance
                 3.2.3 Equilibrium Relative Humidity
             3.3 Inferential Techniques using Density measurement of Slurries in Pipeflow
                 3.3.1 Gravimetric methods
                 3.3.2 Radiometric absorption
                 3.3.3 Vibration Type
                 3.3.4 Coriolis force mass flow/density meters
                 3.3.5 Counter-Flowmeter or "U-loop" for Settling Slurries
             3.4 Inferential Techniques using other Physical Property Measurement for Slurries in Pipeflow
                 3.4.1 Electrical conductivity and capacitance
                 3.4.2 Optical methods
                 3.4.3 Ultrasonic techniques
                 3.4.4 Viscometric methods
                 3.4.5 Volumetric flowmeters
             3.5 On-line Density Measurement Techniques for Storage Tanks
                 3.5.1 Static pressure methods
                 3.5.2 Buoyancy methods
                 3.5.3 Radiometric reflection
         4. FACTORS AFFECTING SENSOR SELECTION
             4.1 Operational Factors
                 4.1.1 Why Measure Moisture On-Line?
                 4.1.2 Open / Closed System
                 4.1.3 Flowing / stationary
                 4.1.4 Sampling / bulk measurement
                 4.1.5 Product contact
             4.2 Instrument Factors
                 4.2.1 Cost
                 4.2.2 Response time
                 4.2.3 Accuracy and reliability
                 4.2.4 Ease and frequency of calibration
                 4.2.5 Penetration depth required
                 4.2.6 Robustness
         5. PROBLEMS WITH MOISTURE DETERMINATION
             5.1 Sampling
             5.2 Air or other gas incorporation
                 5.2.1 Methods to remove gas before measurement
             5.3 Phase separation
                 5.3.1 At equipment boundaries
                 5.3.2 Resulting from gravity or other body forces
             5.4 Non-uniform moisture distribution (other than phase separation)
             5.5 Abrasion, deposition and fouling
         6. NOMENCLATURE
         7. REFERENCES
         8. APPENDIX A : MANUFACTURERS OF SENSORS FOR MOISTURE MEASUREMENT IN WET BULK SOLIDS
         9. APPENDIX B : INTERRELATION BETWEEN SLURRY DENSITY ( r m) AND CONCENTRATION BY VOLUME (Cv) AND MASS (Cm)
         10 APPENDIX C : MANUFACTURERS OF ON-LINE DENSITY METERS FOR SLURRIES AND PASTES
     Part 3: Survey of Level Measurement Techniques
         SUMMARY
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. CONSIDERATIONS FOR INSTRUMENT SELECTION
         3. DESCRIPTION OF BASIC SENSOR SYSTEMS
             3.1 Float Level Sensors
                 3.1.1 Float Switches
                 3.1.2 Continuous-indicating Float Systems
             3.2 Displacer Type Level Sensors
                 3.2.1 Displacer level switches
                 3.2.2 Continuous displacer level systems
             3.3 Servo (Tape) Type Level Systems
                 3.3.1 Float-actuated servo level gauges
                 3.3.2 Displacer-activated servo level gauges
                 3.3.3 Plumb line level gauges
                 3.3.4 Comments on liquid service servo gauges
             3.4 Capacitance Level Sensors
                 3.4.1 Capacitance level switches
                 3.4.2 Continuous capacitance level systems
             3.5 Radio Frequency/Admittance Level Systems
             3.6 Conductivity Level Switches
             3.7 Nuclear Radiation Level Sensors
             3.8 Microwave Barrier Level Switch
             3.9 Rotating Paddle Level Switches
             3.10 Tilt Level Switches
             3.11 Thermal Level Switches
             3.12 Optical Level Switches
             3.13 Vibrating Rod or Tuning Fork Level Switches
             3.14 Ultrasonic Level Sensors
                 3.14.1 Damped ultrasonic level switches
                 3.14.2 Transmission ultrasonic switches
                 3.14.3 Pulse Echo Continuous Ultrasonic Level Sensors
             3.15 RADAR Level Sensors
             3.16 LASER Level Systems
             3.17 Guided Wave Reflectometry Systems
             3.18 Hydrostatic Head Level Systems
                 3.18.1 Pressure transducer level systems
                 3.18.2 Differential pressure transducer systems
                 3.18.3 Gas bubbler systems
                 3.18.4 Resistance tape level sensor
                 3.18.5 Diaphragm level switches
             3.19 Weight and Chain Level Systems
             3.20 Other Restricted Application Systems
         4. METHODS UNDER DEVELOPMENT
         5. PROBLEM AREAS IN LEVEL MEASUREMENT
             5.1 Temperature of Vessel Environment
             5.2 Pressure of Vessel Environment
             5.3 Compatibility of Materials of Construction
             5.4 Boiling, Bubbling, or Aerated Materials
             5.5 Foaming Liquids
             5.6 Stirred or Agitated Vessels
             5.7 Hard-to-Handle Materials
             5.8 Liquid-Liquid and Liquid-Solid Interface Detection
             5.9 Variable Specific Gravity or Bulk Density
             5.10 Vapour or Dusty Environments Above the Material Surface
             5.11 Angle of Repose of Solids
             5.12 Application in Hazardous Areas
         6. CONCLUDING REMARKS
         APPENDIX A: LEVEL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS BASED IN EUROPE
         APPENDIX B: LEVEL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS BASED IN NORTH AMERICA
         APPENDIX C: LEVEL MEASURING TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE FROM GIVEN SOURCES
             Appendix C.1 European and UK Suppliers
                 Appendix C.1.1 European and UK Suppliers
             Appendix C.2 North American Manufacturers
                 Appendix C.2.1 North American Manufacturers

Volume BSH 7: Part 1 Survey of On-line Moisture Measurement Methods

This part provides a practical review of the determination of moisture, mainly but not exclusively water, in slurries, pastes, cakes and porous solids. It is limited to on-line methods, and does not attempt to give any detailed description of the theory of the techniques described, except where aspects of this may affect applications.

The first part looks at problems related to the type of process material. The second examines the techniques available for moisture determination on-line. The third describes determinations from the viewpoint of their process locations, while the final part lists suppliers of suitable measuring equipment.


Volume BSH 7: Part 2 Selection of On-line Measurement Methods

This part provides a selection guide for a suitable sensor to measure on-line the moisture content of either wet bulk granular solids or slurries. Generic information is provided in terms of the operating principle of each sensor category, limits of detection, accuracy and application areas. In addition, specific commercial information is also given, including the contact details of some manufacturers and suppliers, and typical costs of commercial instruments. There are approximately half-a-dozen alternative methods for the direct measurement of moisture content in wet bulk, granular solids. These techniques include infra-red reflectance, neutron moderation, low resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), microwave absorption, capacitance, and equilibrium relative humidity. To assist in the selection process, this report also includes advice on other factors such as whether the system is open or closed, whether the material is flowing or stationary, the response time required of the instrument/technique, the accuracy required, the ease and frequency of calibration, and the penetration depth required by the technique to provide a representative moisture content figure.


Volume BSH 7: Part 3 Survey of On-line Level Measurement Methods

To be issued.