BS 11: Measurement of Bulk Properties
     Part 1: Laboratory Measurement Techniques for Bulk Properties
         SUMMARY
         1. INTRODUCTION
             1.1 Importance of Bulk Properties of Wet Solids
             1.2 Mechanisms Responsible for Bulk Property Characteristics
             1.3 Preview of Report Sections
         2. INDEX TESTS
             2.1 Moisture Content
             2.2 Particle Size Distribution
             2.3 Specific Gravity
             2.4 Liquid and Plastic Limits
             2.5 Concrete Workability Tests
         3. DENSITY TESTS
             3.1 Compaction and Relative Density
             3.2 Consolidation Test
             3.3 Recommendations for Improvements to Existing Tests
         4. ADHESION AND WALL FRICTION ON EQUIPMENT SURFACES
             4.1 Introduction
             4.2 Tensile Strength and Cohesion Measurement
             4.3 Wall Friction Measurement
                 4.3.1 Test Devices and Relevant Variables
                 4.3.2 Surface Roughness Measurement
             4.4 Single Particle and Powder Mass Adhesion Tests
                 4.4.1 Single Particle Adhesion
                 4.4.2 Powder Mass Adhesion Testers
             4.5 Recommendations for Development of Additional Tests
                 4.5.1 Normal Adhesional Force Measurement Using a Modified Tensile Tester
                 4.5.2 Parallel Adhesional Force/Wall Friction Measurement Using a Modified Cohesion Tester
         5. RHEOLOGICAL (STEADY STATE) AND PEAK FAILURE STRENGTH TESTS
             5.1 Viscometric Tests
                 5.1.1 Measurement of Paste Viscosity.
                 5.1.2 Wall-Slip Effects in Viscosity Measurement
                 5.1.3 Measurement of Viscosity of Suspensions Containing Large Particles
                 5.1.4 Measurement of Viscosity of Settling Suspensions
                 5.1.5 Measurement of the Yield Stress of a Suspension or Paste
             5.2 Failure Strength Tests for Unsaturated or "Dry" Powders
                 5.2 Continued - Failure Strength Tests for Unsaturated or "Dry" Powders
             5.3 Summary
         6. WATER AND AIR EQUILIBRIA AND MOVEMENT
             6.1 Suction Forces
             6.2 Water Permeability
             6.3 Permeability
             6.4 Summary
         7. VIBRATION EFFECTS
             7.1 Use of Vibrators with Standard Equipment
             7.2 Tests with Oscillating Stresses
                 7.2.1 Liquefaction Tests
                 7.2.2 Tests to Measure the Effect of Vibrations on the Density of a Damp Solid
                 7.2.3 Flow Under Oscillating Stresses
             7.3 Liquefaction Index Tests
             7.4 Recommendations for the Development of Additional Tests
         8. ABRASION OF EQUIPMENT SURFACES AND PARTICLE DEGRADATION
             8.1 Tests for Abrasion of Equipment Surfaces
             8.2 Particle Attrition Tests
                 8.2.1 Tumbler Tests
                 8.2.2 Impact Tests
                 8.2.3 Fluidised Bed Tests
                 8.2.4 Compression Tests
                 8.2.5 Annular Ring Shear Cell Attrition Tests
                 8.2.6 Attrition Measurements in Slurry Tanks
                 8.2.7 Attrition Tests in Slurry Pipelines
         9. NOTATION
         10. REFERENCES
     Part 2: Review of Shear Testers for Bulk Solids
         SUMMARY
         1. INTRODUCTION
             1.1 Scope of the report
             1.2 The need for experimental bulk powder measurements
             1.3 The Jenike silo design method
             1.4 Bulk powder failure properties
             1.5 What testing devices are available?
             1.6 Selection and preparation of the test specimen
             1.7 The stress levels of interest in hopper design for flow
         2. UNIAXIAL STRAIN CELLS
             2.1 Introduction
                 2.1.1 Uniaxial devices suitable for the measurement of the flow function
                 2.1.2 Uniaxial device suitable for the measurement of the powder's bulk density
                 2.1.3 Uniaxial devices suitable for the measurement of the cohesion or ultimate tensile strength of a powder
             2.2 Postec Research uniaxial cell
                 2.2.1 Description
                 2.2.2 Critique of the Postec Research uniaxial cell
             2.3 Johanson Hang-up Indicizer
                 2.3.1 Description
                 2.3.2 Method of operation
                 2.3.3 Data gathered by the Indicizer
                 2.3.4 Critique of the Johanson Hang-up Indicizer
             2.4 Measurement procedure for the determination of the unconfined yield strength
                 2.4.1 Filling
                 2.4.2 Consolidation
                 2.4.3 Failure
             2.5 The Jenike compressibility tester
             2.6 Measurement of the compaction curve
                 2.6.1 Filling
                 2.6.2 Consolidation
             2.7 The Warren Spring Laboratory, and Ajax Equipment cohesion tester
                 2.7.1 Description of the Warren Spring Laboratory, and Ajax Equipment cohesion tester
             2.8 The Warren Spring Laboratory, and Ajax Equipment tensile tester
                 2.8.1 Description of the Warren Spring Laboratory, and Ajax Equipment tensile tester
                 2.8.2 Critique of the Warren Spring Laboratory tensile tester
         3. BIAXIAL STRAIN CELLS
             3.1 Introduction
                 3.1.1 Biaxial devices suitable for measuring bulk powder failure properties
                 3.1.2 Biaxial devices suitable for the measurement of the angle of wall friction
             3.2 Translational Jenike shear tester
                 3.2.1 Description of the Jenike shear tester
                 3.2.2 Critique of the Jenike shear cell
             3.3 Uni-level annular or rotational cells (Walker, Schwedes)
                 3.3.1 Description of the annular shear cell
                 3.3.2 Specific details of the Walker shear cell
                 3.3.3 Specific details of the Schwedes shear cell
                 3.3.4 Critique of the annular shear cells
             3.4 Split level rotational Peschl shear cell
                 3.4.1 Description of the Peschl shear cell
                 3.4.2 Critique of the Peschl shear cell
             3.5 True biaxial shear tester (TBST) of Schwedes 11 and Dunstan 12
                 3.5.1 Description of the TBST
                 3.5.2 Direct measurement of the flow function
                 3.5.3 Critique of the TBST
             3.6 Measurement procedure for the determination the flow function and the effective angle of internal friction
                 3.6.1 Measurement procedure for the determination of the Jenike failure locus
                 3.6.2 Density change in powders and its effect on shear stress
                 3.6.3 Filling procedure for the annular shear cells
                 3.6.4 Filling and preconsolidation procedure specific to Jenike cell
                 3.6.5 Consolidation
                 3.6.6 Shearing the powder to failure
                 3.6.7 Construction of the Jenike failure loci
                 3.6.8 Construction of the flow function
                 3.6.9 Time consolidation effects
                 3.6.10 Short cut Jenike failure locus
             3.7 Translational wall friction testers, the Jenike wall friction tester, and the Johanson Hopper Indicizer
                 3.7.1 Description of the Jenike wall friction tester
                 3.7.2 Critique of the Jenike wall friction tester
                 3.7.3 Description of the Johanson Hopper Indicizer
                 3.7.4 Critique of the Johanson Hopper Indicizer
             3.8 Uni-level annular or rotational Schwedes wall friction tester
                 3.8.1 Description of the Schwedes wall friction tester
                 3.8.2 Critique of the Schwedes wall friction tester
             3.9 Measurement of the wall yield locus
                 3.9.1 Filling and preconsolidation
                 3.9.2 Consolidation
                 3.9.3 Shearing to failure
                 3.9.4 Construction of the wall yield locus
         4. TRIAXIAL CELLS
             4.1 Introduction
             4.2 Standard triaxial tester
                 4.2.1 Description of the standard triaxial tester
             4.3 Measurement procedure for the determination of the Jenike failure locus
                 4.3.1 Filling and preconsolidation
                 4.3.2 Consolidation
                 4.3.3 Shearing
                 4.3.4 Determination of the flow function
             4.4 Modified triaxial tester
             4.5 Critique of triaxial cells
         5. APPLICATION OF THE SHEAR TESTERS TO WET SOLIDS
             5.1 Is there an ideal shear tester for wet solids?
             5.2 Maintaining process conditions
             5.3 The mechanical limitations of the cells
             5.4 Operator dependencies
             5.5 Comparison of the practicalities of the different cells
         6. COMPARISON OF MEASURED JENIKE FAILURE LOCI AND FLOW FUNCTIONS
             6.1 Introduction
             6.2 Unaxial cells
                 6.2.1 Postec research uniaxial tester vs the Jenike shear cell
                 6.2.2 Johanson indicizer vs the Jenike shear cell
             6.3 Biaxial cells
                 6.3.1 Walker annular shear cell vs the Jenike shear cell
                 6.3.2 Schwedes annular shear cell vs the Jenike shear cell
                 6.3.3 Peschl shear cell vs the Jenike shear cell
                 6.3.4 True biaxial shear tester (TBST) vs the Jenike shear cell
                 6.3.5 Schwedes wall friction tester vs Jenike wall friction tester
             6.4 Triaxial cells
                 6.4.1 The modified triaxial cell vs the Jenike shear cell
         7. CONCLUSIONS
         8. NOTATION
         9. REFERENCES
         10. APPENDIX A . LIST OF SUPPLIERS AND THEIR DETAILS OF SOLIDS TESTING EQUIPMENT
             10.1 Uniaxial cells
             10.2 Biaxial cells
             10.3 Triaxial cells

• Part 1 Laboratory Measurement of Wet Bulk Solids Properties
• Part 2 Comparison of Shear Testers

Volume BSH 11: Part 1 Laboratory Measurement of Wet Bulk Solids Properties

This part covers the laboratory measurement of the bulk properties of wet, granular solids (such as damp powders, pastes, cakes and slurries) determine their handling characteristics in various types of plant including storage and conveying equipment. The continued development of procedures for selecting equipment and designing plant must inevitably be based on measurements of the relevant bulk properties of wet solids, preferably using laboratory, bench-scale test equipment and small but representative samples of the material. Important bulk properties include shear strength, wall friction to equipment surfaces, adhesion and cohesion, water and air permeabilities and bulk density.

In this part, a survey is made of existing test equipment, including both tests from which absolute values of properties may be determined and index tests where a comparative number may be extracted. Comments are made regarding the desirability of new test methods for bulk properties which cannot at present be adequately quantified.

---

Volume BSH 11: Part 2 Comparison of Shear Testers

This part will survey all the shear testers that are available commercially. They will be compared in terms of the data obtained, data presentation, the ease of use, availabity, etc. Comparative data from several machines obatined from the open literature will be included.