LLE 1: General Principles of Liquid Liquid Extraction
     Part 1: Introduction
         1. SOLVENT EXTRACTION
             1.1 Scope of Solvent Extraction
         2. THE SOLVENT EXTRACTION MANUAL
     Part 3: General Principles of Liquid Liquid Extraction
         1 INTRODUCTION
             1.1 Definitions
             1.2 Historical Background
             1.3 Scope of Report
         2 PRINCIPLES OF LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
             2.1 Modes of Operation
                 2.1.1 Single Contact (Figure 2.1)
                 2.1.2 Multistage Cross-Current Contact (Figure 2.2)
                 2.1.3 Countercurrent Multistage Contact (Figures 2.3 and 2.4)
                 2.1.4 Countercurrent Differential Contact
                 2.1.5 Countercurrent Extraction with Reflux
                 2.1.6 Batch Fractional Extraction (Figure 2.7)
                 2.1.7 Extraction plus Extractive Stripping (Figure 2.8)
                 2.1.8 Scrubbing (Figure 2.9)
                 2.1.9 Back Extraction (Figure 2.10)
                 2.1.10 Solvent Recovery
                 2.1.11 Solvent Usage
             2.2 Phase Equilibrium
                 2.2.1 Graphical Representation
                 2.2.2 Analytical Expressions
                 2.2.3 Chemical Equilibria
                 2.2.4 Phase Equilibrium Data
             2.3 Mass Transfer
             2.4 Capacity of Extractors
             2.5 Areas of Application
                 2.5.1 Organic Chemicals
                 2.5.2 Metals Extraction
                 2.5.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
                 2.5.4 Biphasic Aqueous Extraction
                 2.5.5 Liquid Membranes
         3 EQUIPMENT TYPES
             3.1 Classification
             3.2 Types of Extractors
                 3.2.1 Differential Contactors
                 3.2.2 Vertical Stagewise Contactors
                 3.2.3 Horizontal Stagewise Contactors
         4 DESIGN PRINCIPLES
             4.1 Process Design
                 4.1.1 Decision to Use Extraction
                 4.1.2 Choice of Solvent
                 4.1.3 Layout of Flowsheet
                 4.1.4 Theoretical Stage or Transfer Unit Requirements
                 4.1.5 Selection of Equipment
             4.2 Equipment Design
                 4.2.1 Mass Transfer Requirements
                 4.2.2 Extractor Capacity
             4.3 Ancillary Equipment
                 4.3.1 Distributors
                 4.3.2 Interface Control
                 4.3.3 Sampling and Analysis
                 4.3.4 Disentrainment
                 4.3.5 Flame-Proof Equipment
             4.4 Operating Problems
                 4.4.1 Emulsions
                 4.4.2 Crud or Rag Layer
                 4.4.3 Coalescence and Settling
                 4.4.4 Phase Inversion
                 4.4.5 Waste Streams
                 4.4.6 Plant Control
                 4.4.7 Solvent Losses and Solvent Recovery
         5 EQUIPMENT VENDORS
         6 NOMENCLATURE
         7 REFERENCES
     Part 4: Technological Update
         1. INTRODUCTION
             1.1 Purpose of this Technological Update
             1.2 Scope of the Manual Part
         2. APPLICATIONS AND PROCESSES
             2.1 Extraction of Hydrophilic Metabolites
                 2.1.1 Alcohols
                 2.1.2 Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids
                 2.1.3 Aromatic Carboxylic Acids
                 2.1.4 Amino Acids
                 2.1.5 Antibiotics
             2.2 Reverse Micellar Extraction (1996 - 2002)
                 2.2.1 Equipment for Micellar Extraction
             2.3 The Separation of Optical Enantiomers
         3. NEAR- AND SUPERCRITICAL PROCESSES
             3.1 Natural Products
             3.2 Petroleum, Petrochemical and Other Products
             3.3 Other Applications
         4. NOVEL PRODUCT RECOVERY STRATEGEMS AND PARTICLE ENGINEERING
             4.1 Electrochemical Stripping to Metal Powder; the Cathode Contactor
             4.2 Close-Coupled Stripping and Precipitation for Mixed Oxides
             4.3 Supercritical Particle Engineering
             4.4 Controlled Crystallization
         5. EQUIPMENT: INTRODUCTION
         6. EQUIPMENT: CURRENT STRUCTURE OF THE SUPPLY INDUSTRY
             6.1 Phase Separation and Coalescence Equipment
         7. EQUIPMENT: IMPROVEMENTS IN MODELLING ROTATING DISC (RDC) AND OTHER CONTACTORS
             7.1 Modelling Drop Breakage
             7.2 Mass Transfer and Contamination
             7.3 Backflow and Axial Mixing
         8. EQUIPMENT: CROSSOVER WITH DISTILLATION PRACTICE
             8.1 Differences in Multiphase Contact Patterns Between Vapour- Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Countercurrent Devices
             8.2 Structured-Packed Columns
                 8.2.1 Characteristic Velocity
                 8.2.2 Drop Break-up
                 8.2.3 Coalescence
                 8.2.4 Mass Transfer
                 8.2.5 Conclusions
             8.3 Hydrodynamics of Supercritical Extraction Processes
             8.4 Using Trays for Extraction
         9. EQUIPMENT: THE KARR COLUMN
             9.1 Description of the Karr Column
                 9.1.1 Comparison of Karr Column with Standard Geometry Pulsed-Sieve-Plate Column
             9.2 Selective Summary of Karr Column Literature and Reported Performance
                 9.2.1 Performance Comparison
             9.3 Scale-Up
             9.4 Details of Recommended Correlations
                 9.4.1 Drop Size
                 9.4.2 Hold-up
                 9.4.3 Mass Transfer
             9.5 Operational Issues
                 9.5.1 Wettability
             9.6 Conclusions Regarding the Karr Column
         10. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
         11. NOMENCLATURE
         12. REFERENCES

Part 1 Introduction
Part 2 SPS Liquid-liquid extraction index
Part 3 Liquid-liquid extraction

 

Volume SE I Part 1 Introduction

This part gives the reader an overview  of the volume and how to use it to best effect.

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Volume SE I Part 2 SPS Liquid-liquid extraction index

This part gives  the reader an overview of the manual structure which may be used as a guide as to how best use the manual.

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Volume SE I Part 3 Liquid-liquid extraction

In Part 3, the reader is provided with an effective introduction to liquid-liquid extraction which, although comprehensive in its coverage, is not intended to be an exhaustive review of the field. The major sections are: the basic principles of liquid-liquid extraction; equipment; and design principles. The basic principles which are described include modes of operation, phase equilibria, mass transfer and rates of mass transfer, and the factors which affect the capacity of extraction equipment. The section on design principles describes how these basic principles are applied to process equipment selection and design. A final section gives a list of extraction equipment suppliers.