BSH 8: General
     Part 1: Techniques to Improve Wet Bulk Solids Handling
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. BULK PROPERTY MODIFICATION OF UNPUMPABLE PASTES AND CAKES
             2.1 Size Reduction
                 2.1.1 Cake Lump Breaking
                 2.1.2 Paste Preforming
             2.2 Size Enlargement
                 2.2.1 Granulation/Agglomeration/Pelletisation
                 2.2.2 Briquetting
             2.3 Shear Strength Reduction
                 2.3.1 Moisture Redistribution Through Mechanical Working
                 2.3.2 Moisture Removal
                 2.3.3 Surface Tension Reduction
                 2.3.4 Vibrational Effects
             2.4 Adhesion/Stickiness Reduction
                 2.4.1 Partial or Surface Drying of Agglomerated or Extruded Material
                 2.4.2 Equipment Surface Cooling
                 2.4.3 Partial Recycling of Dried Material from Dryer to Wet Feed
                 2.4.4 Addition of Dry Solids to Improve Handling of Waste Sludge
         3. BULK PROPERTY MODIFICATION OF PUMPABLE PASTES AND SLURRIES
             3.1 Flow Curve Modification: Viscosity Reduction
                 3.1.1 Slurry Concentration Effects
                 3.1.2 Use of Deflocculants
                 3.1.3 Thixotropic Effects Through Shearing
                 3.1.4 Combined Use of Deflocculants and Shearing
                 3.1.5 Adjustments to Particle Morphology
             3.2 Formulation of Stabilised Slurries
                 3.2.1 Creation of a Heavy Medium Through Fine Particle Addition
                 3.2.2 Slurries Stabilised by Fibres
                 3.2.3 Creation of an Oil/Particle Agglomerated Slurry
         4. CONSIDERATIONS FOR STORAGE VESSEL DESIGN FOR PASTES AND CAKES
             4.1 Storage Vessel Design with Integral Discharge Facility
             4.2 Other Methods to Assist Discharge from Storage Vessels
                 4.2.1 Discharge from Hoppers
                 4.2.2 Discharge from Drums and Cans
                 4.2.3 Removal of Sediment from Storage Vessels
         5. CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONVEYOR DESIGN
             5.1 Design of Conveyors for Pastes and Cakes
                 5.1.1 Screw and Ribbon Conveyors
                 5.1.2 Vibratory Conveyors
                 5.1.3 Belt Conveyors
                 5.1.4 Chutes
             5.2 Design of Pipelines for Pastes and Slurries
                 5.2.1 Stabilised Slurries
                 5.2.2 Methods of Reducing Head Loss in Pipeline Flow for "non-Settling" Slurries
                 5.2.3 Methods of Reducing Head Loss for Settling Slurries
                 5.2.4 Concluding Remarks on Head Loss Reduction in Pipeflow
         6. NOTATION
         7. REFERENCES
     Part 2 : The effects of vibration on the handling properties of wet and dry bulk solids
         1. Introduction
             1.1 The Scope of the Report
             1.2 The Nature of Vibration and Vibration Analysis
             1.3 Vibration and Particulate System
             1.4 Implications
         2. Vibration in Flow Promotion in Hoppers & Silos
             2.1 Current Industrial Practice
                 2.1.1 Industrial Equipment - a review
                 2.1.2 Applications and Design Criteria
                 2.1.3 How does vibration work?
                 2.1.4 Conclusions
             2.2 Vibration and Friction : does vibration really reduce friction, and, if so, how?
                 2.2.1 Vibration and Wall Friction
                 2.2.2 Vibration and Friction in Bulk Materials
                 2.2.3 Conclusions
             2.3 Vibration in Hoppers & Silos
             2.4 Anecdotal Evidence, Discussion and Conclusions
         3. Vibratory Conveyors
             3.1 Vibratory conveyors - essential features
             3.2 Mode of Operation
             3.3 Use and operation
             3.4 Other types of vibratory conveyance
             3.5 Discussion and Conclusions
         4. General Aspects of Vibration
             4.1 The nature of vibration
             4.2 Sources of vibration
             4.3 Vibration and structures
                 4.3.1 Resonance
                 4.3.2 Structural fatigue and cracking
                 4.3.3 Bolts and fastenings
                 4.3.4 Instrumentation and sensitive equipment
             4.4 The mounting of vibrational equipment
             4.5 Isolation of vibration sources
                 4.5.1 Damping
                 4.5.2 System stiffness
                 4.5.3 Mass - inertia
                 4.5.4 Counterbalanced masses
             4.6 Checklist for purchase and specification of vibratory equipment
             4.7 Summary
         5. Recent Work on Vibration in Powders and Bulk Solids
             5.1 Silo dynamics & silo quaking
             5.2 Fundamental studies of vibration in powders
             5.3 Vibration as a means of characterisation of powder beds
             5.4 Distinct Element Method (DEM) of particle simulation
         6. Discussion and Conclusions
         7. References
         8. Appendix 1: Mechanics of Vibrating Systems
             8.1 A1.1 Characteristics of a single oscillator
             8.2 A1.2 Undamped Systems: natural frequency and resonance
             8.3 A1.3 Damped Systems: resonant frequency, transfer function and phase lag
             8.4 A1.4 Addition of Input Frequencies
             8.5 A1.5 The Frequency Domain - Fourrier Transforms
             8.6 A1.6 Aliasing
             8.7 A1.7 Conclusions from the Mathematical Analysis
         9. Appendix 2: Vibration of a Particle upon a Plane
             9.1 A2.1 Analysis of a particle on a vibrating plane
             9.2 A2.2 Conclusions from the analysis
         10. Appendix 3: Driving Devices for Vibratory Flow
             10.1 A3.1 Rotary Devices with out-of-balance masses
             10.2 A3.2 Piston systems
             10.3 A3.3 Electromegnetic/electromechanical actuators
         11. Appendix 4: Analysis of Vibration and Friction
             11.1 A4.1 Models of Akiyama's and Arnold's experiments
             11.2 A4.2 Conclusions
         12. Appendix 5: Vibration and Volumetric Strain
             12.1 A5.1 Models
             12.2 A5.2 Conclusions
         13. Appendix 6: Vibration, the formation of sandpiles and flow
         14. Appendix 7: Matchett's model of vibratory flow
     Part 3: Terms relating to particle and bulk solids technology
         1. Introduction
         2. General Terms
         3. Types of Powder
         4. Powder properties
         5. Powder Processing
         6. Particle Properties
         7. Particle Size
         8. Particle shape
         9. Pore Size and Shape
         10. Particle Surface Area
         11. Particle Test Methods (of Image Analysis)
         12. Particle Test Methods (others)
         13. Bulk Properties and Test Methods
         14. Bulk Flow
         15. Pneumatic Conveying
         16. Appendix I - Rand Report Summary
         17. Appendix II - Gravity Flow Stresses in Bulk Materials
         18. Appendix III - Relevant Standards
         19. Appendix IV - Andrew W. Jenike
         20. Alphabetical List of Terms

• Part 1 Techniques to Improve the Handling of Wet Bulk Solids

Volume BSH 8: Part 1 Techniques to Improve the Handling of Wet Bulk Solids

This part categorises the techniques available to assist in the storing and conveying of both unpumpable pastes and cakes, and pumpable pastes and slurries. It describes situations reported in the literature where appropriate methods have eased or eliminated handling problems. The review also discusses modifications to conventional liquid and dry bulk solid handling equipment for improving wet solids handling. Improvements in handling may be brought about either by reversibly or irreversibly altering the bulk properties of the wet solids to be handled or by selecting equipment with design and operating conditions which recognise the difficulties of handling some wet bulk solids.