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BS 2: Mechanical Conveyers

BS 2: Mechanical Conveyers
     Part 1: Mechanical Conveyer Selection Guide for Bulk Solids
         1. INTRODUCTION
             1.1 Objectives of the Selection Guide
             1.2 Scope of the Selection Guide
             1.3 Using the Selection Guide
         2. HOW TO USE THE SELECTION GUIDE
         3. THE SELECTION CRITERIA
             3.1 Step 1 - Conveyor Path
             3.2 Step 2 - Conveyor Capacity; Feed and Discharge Arrangements
             3.3 Step 3 - Moisture Content
             3.4 Step 4 - Particle Size and Shape
             3.5 Step 5 - Flow Properties and Adhesion
             3.6 Step 6 - Friability
             3.7 Step 7 - Abrasion and Corrosion
             3.8 Step 8 - Other Process Requirements
             3.9 Step 9 - Environmental Considerations
             3.10 Step 10 - Economic Considerations
         4. THE SELECTION GUIDE
             4.1 Step 1 - Conveyor Path
                 4.1.1 Screw Conveyor
                 4.1.2 Flexible Screw Conveyor
                 4.1.3 Vibratory Conveyor
                 4.1.4 Vibratory Spiral Elevator
                 4.1.5 Push Floor Conveyor - See Table 1
                 4.1.6 Belt Conveyor
                 4.1.7 Flexible Sidewall Belt Conveyor
                 4.1.8 Cable Belt Conveyor
                 4.1.9 Low-Friction Side-Plate Belt Conveyor
                 4.1.10 Air-Supported Belt Conveyor
                 4.1.11 'Solitube' Belt Conveyor - See Table 1
                 4.1.12 Japan Pipe Conveyor Angle of Inclination
                 4.1.13 'Sicon' Belt Conveyor
                 4.1.14 Fold-Belt Conveyor
                 4.1.15 'Manutube' Conveyor
                 4.1.16 Sandwich Belt Conveyor
                 4.1.17 'Serpentix' Belt/Chain Conveyor
                 4.1.18 'Hurise' Belt/Chain Conveyor - See Table 1
                 4.1.19 Drag, Flight and Scraper Chain Conveyors - See Table 1
                 4.1.20 En-Masse Chain Conveyor
                 4.1.21 Low-Speed Tubular Chain Conveyor
                 4.1.22 High-Speed Aeromechanical Chain Conveyor
                 4.1.23 Apron Chain Conveyor
                 4.1.24 Centrifugal Bucket Elevator
                 4.1.25 Positive Discharge Bucket Elevator
                 4.1.26 Continuous Bucket Elevator
                 4.1.27 Gravity-Discharge Bucket Elevator - See Table 1
                 4.1.28 Pivoted Bucket Elevator
             4.2 Step 2 - Conveyor Capacity: Feed and Discharge Arrangements
                 4.2.1 Screw Conveyor
                 4.2.2 Flexible Screw Conveyor
                 4.2.3 Vibratory Conveyor
                 4.2.4 Vibratory Spiral Elevator
                 4.2.5 Push Floor Conveyor
                 4.2.6 Belt Conveyor
                 4.2.7 Flexible Sidewall Belt Conveyor
                 4.2.8 Cable Belt Conveyor
                 4.2.9 Low-Friction Side-Plate Belt Conveyor
                 4.2.10 Air-Supported Belt Conveyor
                 4.2.11 'Solitube' Belt Conveyor - See Table 2.
                 4.2.12 Japan Pipe Conveyor
                 4.2.13 'Sicon' Belt Conveyor
                 4.2.14 Fold-Belt Conveyor
                 4.2.15 Manutube Belt Conveyor - See Table 2
                 4.2.16 Sandwich Belt Conveyor
                 4.2.17 Serpentix Belt/Chain Conveyor
                 4.2.18 Hurise Belt/Chain Conveyor - See Table 2
                 4.2.19 Drag, Flight and Scraper Chain Conveyors
                 4.2.20 En-Masse Chain Conveyor
                 4.2.21 Low-Speed Tubular Chain Conveyor
                 4.2.22 High-Speed Aeromechanical Tubular Chain Conveyor
                 4.2.23 Apron Chain Conveyor
                 4.2.24 Centrifugal Bucket Elevator
                 4.2.25/26 Positive Discharge and Continuous Bucket Elevators
                 4.2.27 Gravity-Discharge Bucket Elevator
                 4.2.28 Pivoted Bucket Elevator
             4.3 Step 3 - Moisture Content
                 4.3.1 Screw Conveyor
                 4.3.2 Flexible Screw Conveyor
                 4.3.3 Vibratory Conveyor
                 4.3.4 Vibratory Spiral Elevator
                 4.3.5 Push Floor Conveyor
                 4.3.6 6 - 18 Belt Conveyors
                 4.3.7 19 - 23 Chain Conveyors
                 4.3.8 24 - 28 Bucket Elevators
             4.4 Step 4 - Particle Size and Shape
                 4.4.1 Screw Conveyor
                 4.4.2 Flexible Screw Conveyor
                 4.4.3 Vibratory Conveyor
                 4.4.4 Vibratory Spiral Elevator
                 4.4.5 Push Floor Conveyor
                 4.4.6 Belt Conveyor
                 4.4.7 Flexible Sidewall Belt Conveyor - See Table 4
                 4.4.8 8-10 Cable, Low-Friction Side-Plate and Air-Supported Belt Conveyors
                 4.4.9 11 'Solitube' Belt Conveyor
                 4.4.10 12 Japan Pipe Conveyor
                 4.4.11 13 'Sicon' Belt Conveyor
                 4.4.12 14 Fold-Belt Conveyor
                 4.4.13 15 'Manutube' Belt Conveyor
                 4.4.14 16 Sandwich Belt Conveyor
                 4.4.15 17 'Serpentix' Belt/Chain Conveyor - See Table 4
                 4.4.16 18 'Hurise' Belt/Chain Conveyor
                 4.4.17 19 Drag, Flight and Scraper Chain Conveyors
                 4.4.18 20 En-Masse Chain Conveyor
                 4.4.19 21 Low-Speed Tubular Chain Conveyor
                 4.4.20 22 High-Speed Aeromechanical Chain Conveyor
                 4.4.21 23 Apron Chain Conveyor
                 4.4.22 24-28 Bucket Elevators
             4.5 Step 5 - Flow Properties and Adhesion
                 4.5.1 Screw Conveyor
                 4.5.2 Flexible Screw Conveyor
                 4.5.3 Vibratory Conveyor
                 4.5.4 Vibratory Spiral Elevator
                 4.5.5 Push Floor Conveyor
                 4.5.6 Belt Conveyor
                 4.5.7 Flexible Sidewall Belt Conveyor
                 4.5.8 Cable Belt Conveyor - See Table 5
                 4.5.9 Low-Friction Side-Plate Belt Conveyor
                 4.5.10 Air-Supported Belt Conveyor
                 4.5.11 'Solitube' Belt Conveyor
                 4.5.12 Japan Pipe Conveyor
                 4.5.13 'Sicon' Belt Conveyor
                 4.5.14 Fold-Belt Conveyor
                 4.5.15 'Manutube' Belt Conveyor
                 4.5.16 Sandwich Belt Conveyor
                 4.5.17 'Serpentix' Belt/Chain Conveyor
                 4.5.18 'Hurise' Belt/Chain Conveyor
                 4.5.19 19-20 Drag, Flight, Scraper and En-Masse Chain Conveyors
                 4.5.20 21 Low-Speed Tubular Chain Conveyor
                 4.5.21 22 High-Speed Aeromechanical Tubular Chain Conveyor
                 4.5.22 23 Apron Chain Conveyor
                 4.5.23 24-28 Bucket Elevators
             4.6 Step 6 - Friability
                 4.6.1 Screw Conveyor
                 4.6.2 Flexible Screw Conveyor
                 4.6.3 Vibratory Conveyor
                 4.6.4 Vibratory Spiral Elevator
                 4.6.5 Push Floor Conveyor
                 4.6.6 Belt Conveyor
                 4.6.7 Flexible Sidewall Belt Conveyor - See Table 6
                 4.6.8 Cable Belt Conveyor - See Table 6
                 4.6.9 Low-Friction Side-Plate Belt Conveyor
                 4.6.10 Air-Supported Belt Convevor
                 4.6.11 'Solitube' Belt Conveyor
                 4.6.12 Japan Pipe Conveyor
                 4.6.13 'Sicon' Conveyor
                 4.6.14 Fold-Belt Conveyor
                 4.6.15 'Manutube' Belt Conveyor - See Table 6
                 4.6.16 Sandwich Belt Conveyor
                 4.6.17 'Serpentix' Belt/Chain Conveyor - See Table 6
                 4.6.18 'Hurise' Belt/Chain Conveyor - See Table 6
                 4.6.19 Drag, Flight and Scraper Chain Conveyors
                 4.6.20 En-Masse Chain Conveyor
                 4.6.21 Low-Speed Tubular Chain Conveyor
                 4.6.22 High-Speed Tubular Chain Conveyor
                 4.6.23 Apron Chain Conveyor
                 4.6.24 24 - 28 Bucket Elevators
             4.7 Step 7 - Abrasion and Corrosion
                 4.7.1 Screw Conveyor
                 4.7.2 Flexible Screw Conveyor - See Table 7
                 4.7.3 Vibratory Conveyor
                 4.7.4 Vibratory Spiral Elevator - See Table 7
                 4.7.5 Push Floor Conveyor - See Table 7
                 4.7.6 Belt Conveyor
                 4.7.7 Flexible Sidewall Belt Conveyor
                 4.7.8 Cable Belt Conveyor
                 4.7.9 Low-Friction Side-Plate Belt Conveyor - See Table 7
                 4.7.10 Air-Supported Belt Conveyor - See Table 7
                 4.7.11 'Solitube' Belt Conveyor
                 4.7.12 Japan Pipe Conveyor - See Table 7
                 4.7.13 'Sicon' Belt Conveyor
                 4.7.14 Fold-Belt Conveyor - See Table 7
                 4.7.15 'Manutube' Belt Conveyor - See Table 7
                 4.7.16 Sandwich Belt Conveyor - See Table 7
                 4.7.17 'Serpentix' Belt/Chain Conveyor
                 4.7.18 'Hurise' Belt/Chain Conveyor - See Table 7
                 4.7.19 19 - 22 Drag, Flight, Scraper, En-Masse and Tubular Chain Conveyors
                 4.7.20 23 Apron Chain Conveyor
                 4.7.21 24 - 28 Bucket Elevator
             4.8 Step 8 - Other Process Requirements
                 4.8.1 Screw Conveyor
                 4.8.2 Flexible Screw Conveyor
                 4.8.3 Vibratory Conveyor
                 4.8.4 Vibratory Spiral Elevator
                 4.8.5 Push Floor Conveyor
                 4.8.6 6 - 18 Belt Conveyors
                 4.8.7 19 - 20 Drag, Flight, Scraper and En-Masse Chain Conveyors
                 4.8.8 21 Low-Speed Tubular Chain Conveyor
                 4.8.9 22 High-Speed Aeromechanical Chain Conveyor - See Table 8
                 4.8.10 23 Apron Chain Conveyor
                 4.8.11 24 - 28 Bucket Elevators - See Table 8
             4.9 Step 9 - Environmental Considerations
                 4.9.1 Screw Conveyor
                 4.9.2 Flexible Screw Conveyor
                 4.9.3 Vibratory Conveyor
                 4.9.4 Vibratory Spiral Elevator
                 4.9.5 Push Floor Conveyor
                 4.9.6 Belt Conveyor
                 4.9.7 Flexible Sidewall Belt Conveyor
                 4.9.8 Cable Belt Conveyor
                 4.9.9 Low-Friction Side-Plate Conveyor
                 4.9.10 Air-Supported Belt Conveyor
                 4.9.11 'Solitube' Belt Conveyor
                 4.9.12 Japan Pipe Conveyor
                 4.9.13 'Sicon' Conveyor
                 4.9.14 Fold-Belt Conveyor
                 4.9.15 'Manutube' Belt Conveyor
                 4.9.16 Sandwich Belt Conveyor
                 4.9.17 'Serpentix' Belt/Chain Conveyor
                 4.9.18 'Hurise' Belt/Chain Conveyor
                 4.9.19 19 - 23 Chain Conveyors
                 4.9.20 24 - 28 Bucket Elevators
             4.10 Step 10 - Economic Considerations
                 4.10.1 Screw Conveyor
                 4.10.2 Flexible Screw Conveyor
                 4.10.3 Vibratory Conveyor
                 4.10.4 Vibratory Spiral Elevator
                 4.10.5 Push Floor Conveyor
                 4.10.6 Belt Conveyor
                 4.10.7 Flexible Sidewall Belt Conveyor
                 4.10.8 Cable Belt Conveyor - No information available.
                 4.10.9 Low-Friction Side-Plate Belt Conveyor
                 4.10.10 Air-Supported Belt Conveyor
                 4.10.11 'Solitube' Belt Conveyor
                 4.10.12 Japan Pipe Conveyor
                 4.10.13 'Sicon' Belt Conveyor
                 4.10.14 Fold-Belt Conveyor
                 4.10.15 'Manutube' Belt Conveyor
                 4.10.16 Sandwich Belt Conveyor
                 4.10.17 'Serpentix' Belt/Chain Conveyor
                 4.10.18 'Hurise' Belt/Chain Conveyor
                 4.10.19 Drag, Flight and Scraper Conveyors
                 4.10.20 En-Masse Chain Conveyor
                 4.10.21 Low-Speed Tubular Chain Conveyor
                 4.10.22 High-Speed Tubular Chain Conveyor
                 4.10.23 Apron Chain Conveyor
                 4.10.24 24- 28 Bucket Elevators
         5. DISCUSSIONS WITH MANUFACTURERS
             5.1 Screw Conveyor
             5.2 Flexible Screw Conveyor
             5.3 Vibratory Conveyor
             5.4 Vibratory Spiral Elevator
             5.5 Push Floor Conveyor
             5.6 Belt Conveyor
             5.7 Flexible Sidewall Belt Conveyor
             5.8 Cable Belt Conveyor
             5.9 Low-Friction Side-Plate Belt Conveyor
             5.10 Air-Supported Belt Conveyor
             5.11 'Solitube' Belt Conveyor
             5.12 Japan Pipe Conveyor
             5.13 'Sicon' Belt Conveyor
             5.14 Fold-Belt Conveyor
             5.15 'Manutube' Belt Conveyor
             5.16 Sandwich Belt Conveyor
             5.17 'Serpentix' Belt/Chain Conveyor
             5.18 'Hurise' Belt/Chain Conveyor
             5.19 Drag, Flight and Scraper Chain Conveyors
             5.20 En-Masse Chain Conveyor
             5.21 Low-Speed Tubular Chain Conveyor
             5.22 High-Speed Aeromechanical Tubular Chain Conveyor
             5.23 Apron Chain Conveyor
             5.24 Centrifugal Bucket Elevator
             5.25 Positive Discharge Bucket Elevator
             5.26 Continuous Bucket Elevator
             5.27 Gravity-Discharge Bucket Elevator
             5.28 Pivoted Bucket Elevator
         6. REFERENCES
         APPENDIX A: WORKED EXAMPLE SHOWING HOW TO USE THE SELECTION GUIDE
         APPENDIX B: BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF CONVEYORS
             B1 Screw Conveyor
             B2 Flexible Screw Conveyor
             B3 Vibratory Conveyor
             B4 Vibratory Spiral Elevator
             B5 Push Floor Conveyor
             B6 Belt Conveyor
             B7 Flexible Sidewall Belt Conveyor
             B8 Cable Belt Conveyor
             B9 Low-Friction Side-Plate Belt Conveyor
             B10 Air-Supported Belt Conveyor
             B11 'Solitube' Belt Conveyor
             B12 Japan Pipe Conveyor
             B13 'Sicon' Belt Conveyor
             B14 Fold-Belt Conveyor
             B15 'Manutube' Belt Conveyor
             B16 Sandwich Belt Conveyor
             B17 'Serpentix' Belt/Chain Conveyor
             B18 'Hurise' Belt/Chain Conveyor
             B19 Drag, Flight and Scraper Chain Conveyors
             B20 En-Masse Chain Conveyor
             B21 Low-Speed Tubular Chain Conveyor
             B22 High-Speed Aeromechanical Tubular Chain Conveyor
             B23 Apron Chain Conveyor
             B24 Centrifugal Bucket Elevator
             B25 Positive Discharge Bucket Elevator
             B26 Continuous Bucket Elevator
             B27 Gravity-Discharge Bucket Elevator
             B28 Pivoted Bucket Elevator
     Part 2: The Specification and Use of Screw and Vibratory Conveyors
         1. INTRODUCTION
         2. ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF SCREW CONVEYORS
             2.1 Conveying Action
             2.2 Types of Screw Conveyor
                 2.2.1 Solid Helical Screw
                 2.2.2 Helical Ribbon Screw
                 2.2.3 Interrupted Flight Conveyors
                 2.2.4 Flexible Screw Conveyors
                 2.2.5 Multiple Screw Conveyors
                 2.2.6 Vibrated Screw
             2.3 Screw Conveyor Design Variables
                 2.3.1 Screw Pitch
                 2.3.2 Screw Diameter
                 2.3.3 Fill Ratio
                 2.3.4 Speed
                 2.3.5 Angle of Inclination
                 2.3.6 Materials of Construction
             2.4 Mechanical Design
                 2.4.1 Flight Construction
                 2.4.2 Bearings
                 2.4.3 Sealing of Conveyors
             2.5 Uses of Screw Conveyors
                 2.5.1 Mixing and Blending
                 2.5.2 Dewatering
                 2.5.3 Heating and Cooling
                 2.5.4 Drying
                 2.5.5 Discharging of Hoppers
         3. ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF VIBRATORY CONVEYORS
             3.1 Conveying Action
                 3.1.1 Hopping Conveying
                 3.1.2 Sliding Conveying
             3.2 Vibratory Drive Systems
                 3.2.1 Brute Force
                 3.2.2 Electromagnetic
                 3.2.3 Natural Frequency Tuned Springs
                 3.2.4 Sub-Resonant Tuned Springs
                 3.2.5 Out-of-Phase
             3.3 Vibratory Conveyor Design Variables
                 3.3.1 Frequency of Vibrations
                 3.3.2 Amplitude of Vibrations
                 3.3.3 Direction of Vibrations
                 3.3.4 Bed Depth
                 3.3.5 Trough Geometry
                 3.3.6 Angle of Inclination
                 3.3.7 Materials of Construction
             3.4 Mechanical Design
             3.5 Uses of Vibratory Conveyors
                 3.5.1 Drying
                 3.5.2 Heating and Cooling
                 3.5.3 Classifying
                 3.5.4 Dewatering
                 3.5.5 Discharging of Hoppers
         4. USEFUL SMALL-SCALE TEST METHODS FOR MATERIAL CHARACTERISATION
             4.1 Bulk Density
             4.2 Angle of Repose
             4.3 Particle Size Distribution (PSD)
             4.4 Wall Friction
             4.5 Moisture Content
             4.6 Shear Strength Testing
             4.7 Liquefaction Tests
             4.8 Wear Tests
             4.9 Qualitative Tests
         5. SCREW CONVEYOR DESIGN FOR WET SOLIDS
             5.1 Problems of Screw Conveying Wet Solids
                 5.1.1 Hold-up at Hanger Bearings
                 5.1.2 Bridging at Inlet
                 5.1.3 Material Rotating as a Plug
                 5.1.4 Inadequate Motor Power
             5.2 Design Modifications for Wet Solids
                 5.2.1 Pitch
                 5.2.2 Loading
                 5.2.3 Speed
                 5.2.4 Modifications to Discharge Arrangments
                 5.2.5 Modifications to Trough
                 5.2.6 Other Types of Screw
             5.3 Applications of Screw Conveyors to Wet Solids
                 5.3.1 Unloading Sludges from Agricultural Equipment
                 5.3.2 Freeze-dried Sludge Process
                 5.3.3 Conveying of Flaked Ice
                 5.3.4 Conveying of Peat
         6. VIBRATORY CONVEYOR DESIGN FOR WET SOLIDS
             6.1 Problems of Vibratory Conveying of Wet Solids
                 6.1.1 Build-up on Trough
                 6.1.2 Liquefaction
             6.2 Design Modifications for Wet Solids
                 6.2.1 Vibration Intensity
                 6.2.2 Bed Depth
                 6.2.3 Downsloping
                 6.2.4 Trough Materials
                 6.2.5 Modifications to Trough
                 6.2.6 Feed Conditioning
                 6.2.7 Direction of Vibrations
             6.3 Applications of Vibratory Conveyors to Wet Solids
                 6.3.1 Feeding of Coal Filter Cake and Refuse
                 6.3.2 Conveying of Sodium Perborate
                 6.3.3 Elevating and Cooling of Synthetic Rubber
                 6.3.4 Conveying / Drying of Refined Sugar
         7. POWER CONSUMPTION: SCREW CONVEYORS
             7.1 CEMA
                 7.1.1 Basic Formula
                 7.1.2 Conveyor Length, L
                 7.1.3 Volumetric Throughput, C
                 7.1.4 Bulk Density, r
                 7.1.5 Operating Speed, N
                 7.1.6 Conveyor Diameter Factor, F d
                 7.1.7 Hanger Bearing Factor, F b
                 7.1.8 Flight Factor F f
                 7.1.9 Paddle Factor, F p
                 7.1.10 Material Factor, F m
                 7.1.11 Overload Factor, F O
                 7.1.12 Drive Efficiency, e
                 7.1.13 Power Requirements for Inclined Screw Conveyors
                 7.1.14 Power Requirements for Vertical Screw Conveyors
                 7.1.15 Power Requirements for Screw Feeders
                 7.1.16 Start-up Torques
             7.2 British Standard BS 4409 57 (1982)
                 7.2.1 Basic Formula
                 7.2.2 Screw Diameter, D
                 7.2.3 Mass Flow Rate, M
                 7.2.4 Progress Resistance Coefficient, l
                 7.2.5 Height of Lift, H
                 7.2.6 Power to Overcome Empty Conveyor Friction, P e
                 7.2.7 Power to Transport the Material, P m
                 7.2.8 Power Due to Inclination, P i
             7.3 Cremer and Davies 58
                 7.3.1 Basic Formula
                 7.3.2 Mass Flow Rate, M
                 7.3.3 Material Factor, F m
             7.4 Other Power Predictions
         8. POWER CONSUMPTION: VIBRATORY CONVEYORS
             8.1 Analytical Methods
                 8.1.1 Ganapathy and Parameswaran Method 60
                 8.1.2 Lonie Method 23
             8.2 Heuristic Methods
                 8.2.1 Colijn Method 6l
                 8.2.2 Reynolds Method 62
                 8.2.3 Colijn and Carroll Method 35
                 8.2.4 Bolz and Hagemann Method 63
             8.3 Manufacturers' Approach
                 8.3.1 Schneider Data 64
                 8.3.2 Renold Ajax Data
                 8.3.3 Industrial Feeding Equipment Data
                 8.3.4 Triton Data
                 8.3.5 Birtley Data
             8.4 Comparison of Power Prediction Methods for Vibratory Conveyors
         9. SPECIFICATION APPROACHES USED BY MANUFACTURERS
             9.1 Bulk Solids Characterisation
             9.2 Screw Conveyor / Feeder Manufacturers
                 9.2.1 Lump Sizes
             9.3 Vibratory Conveyor / Feeder Manufacturers
         10. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH
             10.1 Screw Conveyor Work Within the Wet Solids Handling Project
             10.2 Other Screw Conveyor Research Requirements
             10.3 Vibratory Conveyor Work Within the Wet Solids Handling Project
             10.4 Other Vibratory Conveyor Research Requirements
         11. CONCLUSIONS
         12. NOMENCLATURE
         13. REFERENCES
         APPENDIX 2
     Part 3: Design Report for Screw Conveying of Wet or Dry Bulk Solids
         1 INTRODUCTION
             1.1 Objectives of the Design Guide
             1.2 Scope of the Design Guide
         2 HOW TO USE THE DESIGN GUIDE
         3 DESIGNING FOR DIFFERENT MATERIAL PROPERTIES
             3.1 Large Particles
             3.2 Stringy and Fibrous Particles
             3.3 Free-Flowing Material
             3.4 Cohesive Material
             3.5 Adhesive Material
             3.6 Slurry
             3.7 Friable Material
             3.8 Non-Friable Material
             3.9 Abrasive or Corrosive Material
             3.10 Hot or Cold Material
             3.11 Dusty Material
         4 DESIGNING FOR DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS
             4.1 Inclined and Vertical Conveying
             4.2 Discharging from a Hopper
             4.3 Mixing
             4.4 Cooling, Heating and Drying
             4.5 Dewatering
         5 SELECTING SCREW SIZE AND SPEED
             5.1 Introduction
             5.2 Determine Volumetric Flowrate, C
             5.3 Determine Trough Loading, K
             5.4 Determine Capacity Factors, CF f and CF m
             5.5 Determine Screw Diameter, D.
             5.6 Determine Maximum Screw Speed, N max
             5.7 Determine Operating Screw Speed, N op
         6 DETERMINING POWER REQUIREMENT
         7 DESIGNING SCREW CONVEYOR COMPONENTS
         8 ENCLOSING THE CONVEYOR
         9 INSTALLING, OPERATING, MAINTAINING AND CLEANING THE CONVEYOR
         10 DISCUSSING REQUIREMENTS WITH SCREW CONVEYOR MANUFACTURERS
         11 REFERENCES
         12. NOTATION
         13. APPENDIX
             13.1 Appendix A
             13.2 Appendix B
                 13.2.1 CEMA MATERIAL FACTORS, Fm , FOR POWER PREDICTION
                 13.2.2 CEMA MATERIAL FACTORS, Fm , FOR POWER PREDICTION (P to Z)
             13.3 Appendix C

Volume BSH 2: Part 1 Selection Guide

The aim of this part is to help the user to choose a suitable mechanical conveyor for a particular application. The emphasis of this report is on the use of mechanical conveyors for unsaturated damp powders and cakes, consisting of a three-phase mixture of solid, liquid and air. However, the report can also be used to select a conveyor for a dry powder or for a fully saturated paste or slurry.

The report contains a step-by-step procedure to enable the user to make an initial selection of the most suitable types of mechanical conveyor for a particular application. This procedure is illustrated by the use of a worked example. the report also contains advice on discussing requirements with conveyor manufacturers once the initial conveyor selection has been made. This advice is in the form of a checklist for each type of conveyor. These checklists can be used even if the user has not used this report to make the initial selection.

Volume BSH 2: Part 2 Review of Screw and Vibratory Conveyors

This part examines in detail two commonly-encountered conveyors in the bulk solids handling field, viz screw and vibratory conveyors. Screw conveyors are frequently used with wet materials but problems such as hold-up at hanger bearings or adhesion of the material to the shaft and flights can be difficult to solve.

Vibratory conveyors are not commonly used with wet materials because of the possibility of the material adhering to the trough and not being conveyed. However, they do have some particular advantages over other types of conveyor, such as ease of cleaning, and are worthy of consideration.

The part describes the important features of screw and vibratory conveyors and their application to wet solids. Specification of these conveyors is discussed and particular consideration given to the prediction of power consumption. One of the main aims of the part is to identify research needs in screw and vibratory conveying of wet solids. However, there is very little information in the literature to indicate where these needs exist. A survey of equipment manufacturers which was intended to help in this was therefore carried out and has revealed a wide disparity of views as to the design changes to adopt for wet as opposed to dry materials. A provisional programme of work to enable recommendations to be made for the design of screw or vibratory conveyors for wet solids is included in this report.

Volume BSH 2: Part 3 Design Guide for Screw Conveying

The aim of this guide is to enable the user to specify a screw conveyor for a particular application. This involves attention to both screw conveyor design and the specification of its operating conditions. The guide gives advice on designing for different material properties and different applications. It explains how to determine screw size and speed, and power requirements. It also contains advice on discussing requirements with conveyor manufacturers.